Durga Puja -opetuspelit: kehitysprosessi ja jälkipelit (post mortem)

Peer reviewe

Supernova neutrino induced neutrons in liquid xenon dark matter detectors

Neutrinos from supernova (SN) bursts can give rise to detectable number of nuclear recoil (NR) events through the process of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE$\nu$NS) in future large (multi-ton scale) liquid xenon detectors employed for dark matter search depending on the SN progenitor mass and distance to the SN event. Here we point out that in addition to the direct NR events due to CE$\nu$NS process, there is a secondary source of nuclear recoils due to elastic scattering of the neutrons produced through inelastic neutrino-nucleus scattering of the supernova neutrinos with the target xenon nuclei. We estimate the contribution of these supernova neutrino-induced neutrons ($\nu$In) to the total xenon NR spectrum and find that the latter can be significantly modified at large recoil energies from that expected from the CE$\nu$NS process alone, with the $\nu$In contribution dominating the total integral recoil energy spectrum at recoil energies above $\sim$20 keV. With the capability to measure the energies of individual recoil events, sufficiently large liquid xenon detectors may be able to detect these events due to $\nu$In process triggered by neutrinos from reasonably close by SN burst events. We also note that the $\nu$In contribution to the recoil spectrum receives dominant contribution from the charged current interaction of the SN $\nu_e$s with the target nuclei while the CE$\nu$NS contribution comes from neutral current interactions of all the six species of neutrinos with the target nuclei. This may offer the possibility of extracting useful information about the distribution of the total SN explosion energy going into different neutrino flavors.Comment: Replaced with revised version; includes results of GEANT4 simulation of neutron induced xenon nuclear recoils; one additional author (SG); figures modified; 2 new figures; main conclusions remain unchanged; latex 9 pages with 6 figure

"The fruits of independence": Satyajit Ray, Indian nationhood and the spectre of empire

Challenging the longstanding consensus that Satyajit Ray's work is largely free of ideological concerns and notable only for its humanistic richness, this article shows with reference to representations of British colonialism and Indian nationhood that Ray's films and stories are marked deeply and consistently by a distinctively Bengali variety of liberalism. Drawn from an ongoing biographical project, it commences with an overview of the nationalist milieu in which Ray grew up and emphasizes the preoccupation with colonialism and nationalism that marked his earliest unfilmed scripts. It then shows with case studies of Kanchanjangha (1962), Charulata (1964), First Class Kamra (First-Class Compartment, 1981), Pratidwandi (The Adversary, 1970), Shatranj ke Khilari (The Chess Players, 1977), Agantuk (The Stranger, 1991) and Robertsoner Ruby (Robertson's Ruby, 1992) how Ray's mature work continued to combine a strongly anti-colonial viewpoint with a shifting perspective on Indian nationhood and an unequivocal commitment to cultural cosmopolitanism. Analysing how Ray articulated his ideological positions through the quintessentially liberal device of complexly staged debates that were apparently free, but in fact closed by the scenarist/director on ideologically specific notes, this article concludes that Ray's reputation as an all-forgiving, ‘everybody-has-his-reasons’ humanist is based on simplistic or even tendentious readings of his work

A new binning method to choose a standard set of Quasars

Although the Lambda Cold Dark Matter model is the most accredited cosmological model, information at intermediate redshifts (z) between type Ia Supernovae (z = 2.26) and the Cosmic Microwave Background (z = 1100) is crucial to validate this model further. Here, we present a detailed and reliable methodology for binning the quasars (QSO) data that allows the identification of a golden sample of QSOs to be used as standard candles. This procedure has the advantage of being very general. Thus, it can be applied to any astrophysical sources at cosmological distances. This methodology allows us to avoid the circularity problem since it involves a flux-flux relation and includes the analysis of removing selection biases and the redshift evolution. With this method, we have discovered a sample of 1253 quasars up to z = 7.54 with reduced intrinsic dispersion of the relation between Ultraviolet and X-ray fluxes, with $\delta_{int} = 0.096\pm 0.003$ (56\% less than the original sample where $\delta_{int} =0.22$). Once the luminosities are corrected for selection biases and redshift evolution, this `gold' sample allows us to determine the matter density parameter to be $\Omega_M=0.240 \pm 0.064$. This value is aligned with the results of the $\Lambda CDM$ model obtained with SNe Ia.Comment: accepted in Physics of the Dark Universe, 16 figures and 1 tabl

Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus in Lymphocytes Induces Oxidative Stress and DNA Fragmentation: Possible Ameliorative Role of Nanoconjugated Vancomycin

Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated pathogen causing bloodstream infections, skin and soft tissue infections and pneumonia. Lymphocyte is an important immune cell. The aim of the present paper was to test the ameliorative role of nanoconjugated vancomycin against Vancomycin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (VSSA) and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) infection-induced oxidative stress in lymphocytes. VSSA and VRSA infections were developed in Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection of 5 × 106 CFU/mL bacterial solutions. Nanoconjugated vancomycin was adminstrated to VSSA- and VRSA-infected mice at its effective dose for 10 days. Vancomycin was adminstrated to VSSA- and VRSA-infected mice at a similar dose, respectively, for 10 days. Vancomycin and nanoconjugated vancomycin were adminstrated to normal mice at their effective doses for 10 days. The result of this study reveals that in vivo VSSA and VRSA infection significantly increases the level of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, oxidized glutathione level, nitrite generation, nitrite release, and DNA damage and decreases the level of reduced glutathione, antioxidant enzyme status, and glutathione-dependent enzymes as compared to control group, which were increased or decreased significantly near to normal in nanoconjugated vancomycin-treated group. These findings suggest the potential use and beneficial role of nanoconjugated vancomycin against VSSA and VRSA infection-induced oxidative stress in lymphocytes