Identification of dendritic cell precursor from the CD11c+ cells expressing high levels of MHC class II molecules in the culture of bone marrow with FLT3 ligand

Dendritic cells (DCs) are readily generated from the culture of mouse bone marrow (BM) treated with either granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L). CD11c+MHCII+ or CD11c+MHCIIhi cells are routinely isolated from those BM cultures and generally used as in vitro-generated DCs for a variety of experiments and therapies. Here, we examined CD11c+ cells in the BM culture with GM-CSF or FLT3L by staining with a monoclonal antibody 2A1 that is known to recognize mature or activated DCs. Most of the cells within the CD11c+MHCIIhi DC gate were 2A1+ in the BM culture with GM-CSF (GM-BM culture). In the BM culture with FLT3L (FL-BM culture), almost of all the CD11c+MHCIIhi cells were within the classical DC2 (cDC2) gate. The analysis of FL-BM culture revealed that a majority of cDC2-gated CD11c+MHCIIhi cells exhibited a 2A1-CD83-CD115+CX3CR1+ phenotype, and the others consisted of 2A1+CD83+CD115-CX3CR1- and 2A1-CD83-CD115-CX3CR1- cells. According to the antigen uptake and presentation, morphologies, and gene expression profiles, 2A1-CD83-CD115-CX3CR1- cells were immature cDC2s and 2A1+CD83+CD115-CX3CR1- cells were mature cDC2s. Unexpectedly, however, 2A1-CD83-CD115+CX3CR1+ cells, the most abundant cDC2-gated MHCIIhi cell subset in FL-BM culture, were non-DCs. Adoptive cell transfer experiments in the FL-BM culture confirmed that the cDC2-gated MHCIIhi non-DCs were precursors to cDC2s, i.e., MHCIIhi pre-cDC2s. MHCIIhi pre-cDC2s also expressed the higher level of DC-specific transcription factor Zbtb46 as similarly as immature cDC2s. Besides, MHCIIhi pre-cDC2s were generated only from pre-cDCs and common DC progenitor (CDP) cells but not from monocytes and common monocyte progenitor (cMoP) cells, verifying that MHCIIhi pre-cDC2s are close lineage to cDCs. All in all, our study identified and characterized a new cDC precursor, exhibiting a CD11c+MHCIIhiCD115+CX3CR1+ phenotype, in FL-BM culture

Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) of Foodservice Operation, Dietary Life Education, and Nutrition Counseling Tasks of Nutrition Teachers and Dietitians in Jeju, Korea

The purpose of this study was to analyze foodservice operation, dietary life education, and nutrition counseling tasks of nutrition teachers and dietitians in elementary, middle, and high schools in Jeju, Korea, and to provide effective ways to implement dietary life education and nutrition counseling in schools. This study surveyed 94 nutrition teachers and 46 dietitians working at elementary, middle, and high schools in Jeju during 7–14 May 2015. The importance and performance of 16 tasks of nutrition teachers and dietitians were measured using questionnaires. The data was analyzed by using the SPSS software and Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA). Importance was ranked in the order of foodservice operation (4.72), dietary life education (4.37), and nutrition counseling (4.24); and performance was ranked in the order of foodservice operation (4.48), dietary life education (3.70), and nutrition counseling (3.22). The importance–performance matrix showed that in Quadrant 4, the “Concentrate Here” item was “nutrition and dietary life education for students”, while in Quadrant 2, the “Possible Overkill” item was “cost control and office management”. These findings suggest that it is important to reduce unnecessary administrative and office management tasks in order for nutrition teachers and dietitians to implement effective nutrition education, dietary life education, and nutrition counseling programs

Exogenous short-term silicon application regulates macro-nutrients, endogenous phytohormones, and protein expression in Oryza sativa L.

Abstract Background Silicon (Si) has been known to regulate plant growth; however, the underlying mechanisms of short-term exogenous Si application on the regulation of calcium (Ca) and nitrogen (N), endogenous phytohormones, and expression of essential proteins have been little understood. Results Exogenous Si application significantly increased Si content as compared to the control. Among Si treatments, 1.0 mM Si application showed increased phosphorus content as compared to other Si treatments (0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 mM). However, Ca accumulation was significantly reduced (1.8- to 2.0-fold) at the third-leaf stage in the control, whereas all Si treatments exhibited a dose-dependent increase in Ca as determined by radioisotope 45Ca analysis. Similarly, the radioisotope 15N for nitrogen localization and uptake showed a varying but reduced response (ranging from 1.03–10.8%) to different Si concentrations as compared to 15N application alone. Physiologically active endogenous gibberellin (GA1) was also significantly higher with exogenous Si (1.0 mM) as compared to GA20 and the control plants. A similar response was noted for endogenous jasmonic and salicylic acid synthesis in rice plants with Si application. Proteomic analysis revealed the activation of several essential proteins, such as Fe-S precursor protein, putative thioredoxin, Ser/Thr phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6P), and importin alpha-1b (Imp3), with Si application. Among the most-expressed proteins, confirmatory gene expression analysis for G6P and Imp3 showed a similar response to those of the Si treatments. Conclusions In conclusion, the current results suggest that short-term exogenous Si can significantly regulate rice plant physiology by influencing Ca, N, endogenous phytohormones, and proteins, and that 1.0 mM Si application is more beneficial to plants than higher concentrations

Introduction to Biofuel: Perennial Grasses as a Feedstock

This lesson covers what biofuels are (including first-, second-, and third-generation biofuels) and explains why they are important. Objectives At the completion of this lesson you will be able to: Define the term biofuel. Explain why biofuels are important. Discuss differences in first-, second-, and third-generation biofuels. Describe importance and current status of perennial grasses as biofuel feedstock. Modules: Lesson home Objectives What is biofuel? Why is biofuel important? Generations of biofuels Why perennial grasses for 2nd generation biofuels? Summar

Introduction to Biofuel: Perennial Grasses as a Feedstock

This lesson covers what biofuels are (including first-, second-, and third-generation biofuels) and explains why they are important. Objectives At the completion of this lesson you will be able to: Define the term biofuel. Explain why biofuels are important. Discuss differences in first-, second-, and third-generation biofuels. Describe importance and current status of perennial grasses as biofuel feedstock. Modules: Lesson home Objectives What is biofuel? Why is biofuel important? Generations of biofuels Why perennial grasses for 2nd generation biofuels? Summar

Additional file 2: Figure S1. of Exogenous short-term silicon application regulates macro-nutrients, endogenous phytohormones, and protein expression in Oryza sativa L.

Information for GC-MS-SIM chromatogram. Bioactive GA1 showed two different ion values [2H2 GA1 (508 ion) was used as the standard and GA1 (506 ion) was used as endogenous GA1]. (DOCX 14 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S2. of Exogenous short-term silicon application regulates macro-nutrients, endogenous phytohormones, and protein expression in Oryza sativa L.

Information for GC-MS-SIM chromatogram. Me-JA retention time was 18:46 and internal standard (9,10-2H2 JA) retention time was 18:70. (DOCX 15 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Exogenous short-term silicon application regulates macro-nutrients, endogenous phytohormones, and protein expression in Oryza sativa L.

Conditions of GC-MS-SIM and HPLC for analyzing the plant hormones. (DOCX 14 kb