154 research outputs found
Causally-Guided Evolutionary Computation for Design
During recent years, evolutionary computation methods have been used successfully to discover solutions to problems involving design and invention in a wide variety of fields. However, for the evolutionary process to remain computationally tractable when applied to increasingly complex design problems, new extensions must be developed that increase the efficiency and effectiveness with which evolutionary systems produce optimal designs. To this end, the goal of the research presented here is to develop one such potential extension: causally-guided evolution. By this I mean evolutionary systems where the application of genetic operators to an individual are driven in part by observing that individual's performance characteristics and applying these operators based on explicit cause-effect relations in the domain. This differs from past evolutionary methods in which, after fitness-based selection, genetic operators are applied to individuals blindly and randomly (i.e., without respect to the performance characteristics of the individuals).
In this context, this dissertation makes a number of significant contributions. A framework for causally-guided evolution is defined, including causally-guided genetic operators based on causal knowledge that is supplied by domain experts. The ability of these methods and causally-guided mutation to produce better solutions than conventional evolutionary processes is demonstrated on a neural network optimization task. These methods are then extended to include crossover, and the synergistic effects of causally-guided crossover and mutation are demonstrated when applied to a real-world antenna design task. Causally-guided mutation is extended further to influence both where and how mutation occurs, and the effectiveness of this approach is shown when applied to a constructive design task that creates synthetic social networks. Finally, a causally-guided evolutionary system that acquires causal knowledge through observation of the evolutionary process, rather than being given the knowledge a priori, is developed and successfully applied, demonstrating the applicability of causally-guided evolution to problems in which causal knowledge is not available. Collectively, this work clearly demonstrates for the first time the promise of causally-guided evolutionary computation in a variety of forms and when applied to a range of application problems
Relation Between Asthma and Changes in Renal Function Tests
مقدمة: مرض الربو يسبب العديد من الاعتلالات الصحية كأمراض القلب والسكر وارتفاع ضغط الدم لكن تأثيره على وظائف الكلى لم يحدد بشكل نهائي لغاية الان. تهدف هذه الدراسة لمعرفة العلاقة بين مرض الربو والتغير في وظائف الكلى.
الهدف من الدراسة: تهدف الدراسة لمعرفة مدى اضطراب وظائف الكلى في المرضى المصابين بمرض الربو.
طريقة العمل : تم اجراء الدراسة في مدينة مرجان الطبية للفترة من تشرين الاول 2014 الى ايار 2015, وقد تضمنت 75 مريضا و70 شخصا سليما والجميع اكمل الأسئلة الطبية , فحص وظائف الرئة وقياس مستوى يوريا الدم ومستوى الكرياتينين في مصل الدم بالإضافة الى قياس مستوى الاوكسجين في الدم بواسطة جهاز الاوكسمتر. تم اجراء التحليل الاحصائي للنتائج, قيمة (p ) اقل من او يساوي 0.05 تم اعتبارها قيمه معنوية سريريا.
النتائج : اثبتت النتائج عدم وجود فرق معنوي في معدل الاعمار وفي الجنس بين المجموعتين. كان هناك فرقا معنويا في معدل قيم يوريا الدم , كرياتينين في مصل الدم , وتصفية الكرياتينين قبل وبعد اعطاء العلاج لجميع المرضى, كانت هناك زياده في يوريا الدم بشكل معنوي في مجموعة ناقصة الاوكسجين بالمقارنة مع المجموعة الغير ناقصة بالاوكسجين بينما لم يكن هناك تغيرات معنوية في مستوى الكرياتينين.بالاضافة الى ذلك, اظهرت الدراسة وجود علاقة معنوية بين مستوى يوريا الدم مع نسبة تشبع الاوكسجين قبل اعطاء العلاج للمرضى , بينما كانت هناك علاقة سلبية غير معنوية بين مستوى كرياتينين في مصل الدم ونسبة تشبع الاوكسجين قبل العلاج. بينت النتائج ازدياد مستوى يوريا الدم وكرياتينين مصل الدم بشكل معنوي في مجموعة الذكور بالمقارنة مع مجموعة الاناث.كما اظهرت النتائج عدم وجود علاقة معنوية بين مستوى يوريا الدم وكرياتينين مصل الدم مع حجم الهواء الذي يخرج في اول ثانية من الزفير (قبل العلاج).
الاستنتاج: كانت هناك نسبة كبيرة من المرضى المصابين بمرض الربو لديهم اضطرابات في اختبارات وظائف الكلى في الايام الاولى من دخول المستشفى, لكن اغلب المرضى يعودون لحالتهم الطبيعية تدريجيا بعد استلام العلاج. ميكانيكية والتداخلات السريرية لعسر وظيفة الكلى يحتاج الى تقييم اكثر بالإضافة الى متابعة هؤلاء المرضى لتحديد من منهم سوف يصاب بعجز الكلى المزمن في المستقبلBackground: Bronchial asthma can cause many morbidities such as heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, but the impact of asthma on renal function is not yet verified. This study aims to clarify the association between bronchial asthma and the risk of developing renal dysfunction.
Methods: The study was conducted in Merjan Medical City in the period from November 2014 to May 2015, it included 75 patients with acute exacerbation of asthma and 70 control healthy subjects who completed medical questionnaires, pulmonary function tests, measurement of blood urea and serum creatinine, in addition to measurement of oxygen saturation (SPO2) by oximeter. Hypoxic patient has level of SPO2 less than 95%. Statistical analysis was done, P values ≤0.05 were considered to be clinically significant.
Results: There was no significant difference in mean age and gender between both groups. There was significant difference in the mean values of blood urea (Bur) and serum creatinine (Scr) before and after treatment for all patients, Bur increased and Scr decreased significantly in hypoxic group in comparison with non-hypoxic group (P ˂ 0.05). In addition, the study showed a significant correlation between blood urea and SPO2 (before treatment) (p < 0.05), while non-significant negative correlation between serum creatinine and SPO2 (before treatment) (r = 0.1, P > 0.05). The results revealed that the Bur and Scr increased significantly in male group in comparison to female group (P˂0.05). Also there was no significant correlation between blood urea and serum creatinine with forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) (before treatment) (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: The study showed high percentage of asthmatic patients admitting in the hospital wards had abnormalities of renal function tests at the first days of admission to hospital, but most patients return to normal state gradually after getting treatment. The mechanisms and clinical implications of kidney dysfunction in patients with asthma need further investigation in addition to follow up for those patients to determine who of them will get chronic renal failure at future
Dysfunctions of liver and behavioural disorders of females rats suffering from malnutrition: Physiological and histological information as a model of animal anorexia nervosa disease
Anorexia nervosa disease is an eating deficiency that occurs around 1 per 100 individuals. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of malnutrition (animal anorexia nervosa models) via removing certain elements from food on liver functions and behaviours of female rats. Eighteen Females of rats were divided into three groups: Control, in which food intake quantity was 25 g /day, moderately food-restricted Group, in which food intake quantity was 15 g /day, and severe food-restricted Group, in which food intake quantity was 5 g /day, for 90 days. Physiological parameters, liver histopathological analysis, and the behaviour measurement by multiple T maze tests were examined. All food-restricted groups observed a significant increase (p<0.05) in aminotransferase, Malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Antioxidant activity, acid phosphatase, hepatic protein, glycogen and serotonin levels were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in all food-restricted groups. The hyperactivity behaviour appeared as a feature of restricted rats. Histopathological examinations indicated a marked alteration in the hepatocyte with features of autophagy in the restricted Group. Food-restriction (animal anorexia nervosa model) in rats caused disorders in hepatic aminotransferase and serotonin levels and antioxidant activity in addition to hyperactivity behaviours with changes in the liver histological structure in the restricted Group. The study focused on the effect deficiency in essential nutrients needed by the body may have side effects on liver functions and behavioural activity of the animals linked with food searching was measured by multiple T maze tests
Relationship between the monoamine oxidase gene overactivity and the other pathophysiological and behavioral parameters implicated in memory deficiency in albino Winstar rats as Alzheimer’s disease model
The current study aimed to assess the pathophysiology mechanisms that mediate the effect on albin winstar rats' memory induced by the co -administration of fluoride and aluminum sulfate, as a model of Alzheimer's disease. This was done by assessing monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, antioxidant activity, H2O2 and amyloid-β concentration in the hippocampus, embedded deep into the brain's temporal lobe, and level of cytokines in serum. The polymerase chain reaction approach was used to genotyping MAO-A, followed by single -stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) coupled with sequencing technique. The experimental animals were divided into two groups: control and treated groups. The uptake of heavy metals led to significantly increased MAO-A activity, amyloid -β deposition, H2O2 and cytokines levels in the treated group. However, the finding showed a significant decrease in antioxidant activity in the treated group. The results indicated that metals caused memory and learning impairments. PCR -SSCP genotyping showed many SNPs and haplotypes of the MAO-A exon 2 region, which showed the MAO-A gene polymorphism changes associated with Alzheimer's disease. The overall results indicated a role of metals to induce oxidative stress stimulating pathophysiological hallmarks in the hippocampus due to an increase in the influx of monoamine oxidase expression, which has been implicated in impaired memory, this study focused on the genetic variation of the exon 2 in monoamine oxidase-A gene and its relationship to Alzheimer's disease with the presence of several single nucleotide polymorphisms that may be related to Alzheimer's disease model in rats
Effects of Voluntary Work on Psychological and Behavioral Treatment of Individuals in Society
العمل التطوعي هو ممارسة لسلوك ايجابي اجتماعي وشعور بالمسؤولية وأنتماء للمجتمع، يعبر عن طابع مميز وكبير واسع النطاق، مبني على قيم اجتماعية وسلوكيات حميدة مثل الصدق والثقة والتعأون، كونه من الاعمال التي يجد الأفراد فيها أنفسهم ويسعون فيها لتحقيق ذاتهم ومصالحهم. وفي هذه الدراسة تم التركيز على فئة الشباب فهم أفضل المراحل العمرية التي يمكن استقطابها للعمل التطوعي لما له من أبعاد ايجابية سلوكية على المستوى النفسي والروحي والاجتماعي , وتمكن المتطوع من اكتساب خبرات ومهارات جديدة يعود مردودها على سلوكه وشخصيته لتنعكس إيجاباً على مجتمعه.Voluntary work is a practice of positive social behavior, a sense of responsibility and belonging to society. It expresses a distinctive wide-range character, based on social values and benign behaviors such as honesty, trust and cooperation, in this work individuals find themselves and seek to achieve their own interests. In this study, focus on the youth groups are the best age that can be attracted to volunteer work because it has positive behavioral dimensions at the psychological, spiritual and social level. The volunteer is able to acquirement new skills and experiences that return to his behavior and personality to reflect positively on his society
Spirometric Changes in Type ІІ Diabetic Patients with Early Stages Diabetic Nephropathy (Micro-albuminuria)
الخلاصة
المقدمة: يعتبر مرض السكر النوع الثاني من الامراض الشائعة على مستوى العالم. هذا المرض يعتبر هو المسؤول عن حدوث مضاعفات متنوعة من النوع الكبير والصغير للأوعية الدموية في مختلف اعضاء الجسم. هناك عدة دراسات اثبتت وجود ارتباط بين وظيفة الرئة وبين المراحل المتأخرة لاعتلال الكلى بسبب مرض السكر. ان هذه الدراسة كان الهدف منها هو استكشاف فيما اذا كانت هناك علاقة بين المراحل المبكرة لاعتلال الكلى الناتج عن مرض السكر وبين التغيرات في وظائف الرئة.
طرق العمل: هذه الدراسة والتي كانت من نوع الحالة المرضية-الضابطة تم انجازها على المرضى الذين لديهم حالات مبكرة من اعتلال الكلى بسبب مرض السكر (البروتين البولي المجهري والذي يعني نسبة الالبومين في الادرار يساوي 30 الى 300 مغم/في اليوم الواحد) , تضمنت الدراسة 78 مريضا والذين كان لديهم مرض السكر مع وجود البروتين البولي المجهري, 72 مريضا والذين كانوا مصابين بمرض السكر بدون وجود البروتين البولي المجهري وكذلك 80 شخصا وكانوا اصحاء وتم اخذهم كمجموعة ضابطة , تم اخذ التاريخ المرضي مع الفحص الفيزياوي للمرضى, بالإضافة الى التحاليل التالية: البومين الادرار, سكر الدم العشوائي, يوريا الدم, كرياتينين مصل الدم , فحوصات وظائف الرئة وقياس الاوكسجين النبضي.
النتائج: كشفت هذه الدراسة عدم وجود علاقة معنوية في الاعمار, الجنس, ومؤشر كتلة الجسم بين مجاميع الدراسة. تراوحت مدة الاصابة بمرض السكر من 3 الى 8 سنوات, كل المرضى كان لديهم مرض السكر النوع الثاني. مستويات سكر الدم العشوائي, يوريا الدم, وكرياتينين مصل الدم كانت طبيعية في جميع الاشخاص. التغيرات التي حصلت عن طريق جهاز السبايرومتر وهي السعة الحيوية الاجبارية والحجم الزفيري الاجباري في الثانية الاولى كانت اقل بصورة معنوية في مرضى السكر مع وجود البروتين البولي المجهري عن المرضى الذين لديهم مرض السكر بدون وجود البروتين البولي المجهري. بالإضافة الى ذلك كانت هناك علاقة غير معنوية بين الذكور والاناث في كلتا المجموعتين. كذلك بينت الدراسة انه في مجموعة المرضى الذين لديهم البروتين البولي المجهري, نسبة المرضى الذين لديهم تغيرات سبايرومترية كانت اكثر في مجموعة المرضى الذين لديهم زيادة في مؤشر كتلة الجسم عن اولئك المرضى الذين لديهم مستويات طبيعية في مؤشر كتلة الجسم. كما بينت الدراسة ان المرضى الذين لديهم زيادة في الوزن مع وجود البروتين البولي المجهري كانت لديهم تغيرات سبايرومترية موجبة بالمقارنة مع اولئك المرضى الذين ليس لديهم البروتين البولي المجهري. كما كان متوسط مستويات نسبة تشبع الاوكسجين طبيعية في كلتا المجموعتين المصابتين بمرض السكر.
الاستنتاج: بينت الدراسة وجود اضطراب في عمل الرئة في المرضى المصابين بالمراحل المبكرة من الاعتلال الكلوي بسبب مرض السكر. كما كشفت الدراسة ان وجود البروتين البولي المجهري مع زيادة الوزن لديها تأثير اكبر فيما اذا قورنت بحالة المرضى الذين لديهم مستويات طبيعية في وزن الجسم.
الكلمات المفتاحية: مرض السكر النوع الثاني, البروتين البولي المجهري, اختبارات وظائف الرئة.Background: Type ІІ diabetes mellitus is a common disease across the world. It is responsible for the development of various macro- and micro-vascular complications in many organs of the body. The association between lung function and late stages diabetic nephropathy had been illustrated in many previous studies. This study aimed to explore if there was association between early stages diabetic nephropathy and changes in pulmonary function.
Methods: This case-control study was performed on patients who had early stages diabetic nephropathy (micro-albuminuria i.e. urinary albumin=30-300 mg/day), it included 78 patients who had diabetes with micro-albuminuria, 72 patients who had only diabetes without micro-albuminuria and 80 healthy subjects as a control group, full history was taken and physical examination was performed on all the patients, in addition to the following needed investigations: Urine albumin, random blood sugar, blood urea, serum creatinine, pulmonary function tests and pulse oximeter.
Results: This study revealed that there was no significant difference in ages, gender and body mass index (BMI) among groups. Duration of diabetes ranged from 3 to 8 years, all patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus. The levels of random blood sugar, blood urea, and serum creatinine were normal in all subjects. The spirometric changes [forced vital capacity (FVC % predicted) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 % predicted)] were significantly lower in diabetic patients with micro-albuminuria than those who had no micro-albuminuria (P<0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the spirometric changes between males and females in both groups. This study also revealed that in group of patients with positive micro-albuminuria (MAU), the percentage of those with positive spirometric changes was more in group of patients with increased body mass index than those with normal body mass index (P<0.05). Also this study shows that the patients with increased weight and positive micro-albuminuria had positive spirometric changes when compared to those without micro-albuminuria (P<0.05). The mean levels of oxygen saturation (SpO2) was normal in both diabetic groups.
Conclusions: This study showed that there was a disturbance of lung function in patients with early stages diabetic nephropathy (micro-albuminuria). The combination of micro-albuminuria and increased body weight had more effects on lung function than others who had normal body weight.  
Faktor Ke Arah Peningkatan Kualiti Hidup Bekas Pesakit Kanser Payudara Di Jabatan Kerja Sosial Perubatan, Hospital Umum Sarawak
Kanser payudara merupakan penyebab utama kematian dalam kalangan wanita di
Malaysia. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji dengan lebih mendalam faktor-faktor
yang meningkatkan kualiti hidup pesakit kanser payudara di negeri Sarawak. Selain itu,
kajian ini juga turut mengenal pasti bentuk-bentuk cabaran yang dihadapi olch pesakit
serta peranan yang dimainkan olch pekerja sosial perubatan dalam membantu pesakit
kanser payudara. Reka bentuk kajian kualitatiftelah digunakan. Seramai 15 orang pesakit
yang mendapatkan rawatan di Hospital Umum Sarawak telah ditemubual secara
mendalam dalam kajian ini. Kajian mendapati, tiga faktor utama dalam meningkatkan
kualiti hidup bekas pesakit kanser payudara adalah meliputi sokongan keluarga, pegangan
agama dan kaunseling secara individu. Manakala bentuk-bentuk cabaran yang dilalui olch
15 orang responden merangkumi aspek psikologikal, fizikal, sosial dan kewangan. Selain
itu, hasil kajianjuga menunjukkan pekerja sosial perubatan telah memainkan pelbagai
peranan seperti mendapatkan bantuan kewangan, sebagai kaunselor, penyampai
maklumat dan broker bagi membantu pesakit. Kesimpulannya, hasil penemuan kajian ini
menunjukkan bahawa pesakit kanser payudara sangat memerlukan sistem sokongan yang
berterusan bagi meningkatkan kualiti hidup pesakit
Effectiveness of the Mentha spicata leaves in reducing testosterone levels and aggressive behaviour in female Wistar albino rats treated with testosterone propionate
High testosterone hormone levels play an important role in exhibiting aggressive behaviour and several disorders in female rodents and women. The present study aimed to determine the protective role of the alcoholic extract of Mentha spicata leaves (MSL) in the reduction of the level of testosterone and aggressive behaviour of female rats that suffer from high levels of testosterone. A total of 30 female Wistar albino rats were divided into 6 Groups. Group 1: Control rats received sesame oil(0.5 ml). Group 2: Rats injected with testosterone propionate (TP) alone. Group 3: Rats received MSL alone (100 mg/kg) orally. Groups 4, 5, and 6: Rats received TP + MSL, 6mg/rat of TP followed by 200, 400, and 600 mg/rat, respectively) for 60 days. The testosterone, dopamine, and aggressive behaviour were measured using specialized ELISA test kits. The results showed that testosterone and dopamine levels in the serum had a significant decrease (P<0.05) (4.82 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 272.83 (pg/ml) in dopamine) in animals treated with MSL only compared to Group 2, which found a significant rise (p<0.05) (16.52 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 607.59 (pg/ml) in dopamine) in the levels of testosterone and dopamine. The results exhibited a significant rise (P<0.05) in the aggressive behaviour in Group 2 of rats compared to the control and other Groups. In comparison, aggressive behaviour was significantly decreased (P<0.05) (7.40 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 263.49 (ng/ml) in dopamine) in Groups 2, 4, 5, and 6. Thus, the study revealed the protective role of the alcoholic extract of MSL in reducing levels of testosterone and aggressive behaviour in female rats suffering from higher levels of testosterone.
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