Pregnancy and Toxoplasma Infection

Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by a protozoa named Toxoplasma gondii. It is a very important disease because it is related to fetal anomalies and poor perinatal outcomes like abortus and stillbirth. It spreads via uncooked meat and contaminated food. Timely and appropriate treatment and management of this infection prenatally reduces the risk of serious neurological sequelae. Therefore it is crucial that clinician who takes care of pregnant women know this infection deeply. In this review we aimed to summarize the prenatal diagnosis, complications and treatment of toxoplasma infection. [Archives Medical Review Journal 2016; 25(4.000): 457-466

A contemporary review of molecular candidates for the development and treatment of childhood medulloblastoma

WOS: 000314717400008PubMed ID: 23292496Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric central nervous system tumor; however, the causes are not well established. There has been some emphasis on mutations in developmental pathways and their impact on tumor pathology in hereditary diseases, but, in order to better understand the nature of diseases like medulloblastoma, other mechanisms also require attention. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the main genes involved in neurodevelopment, their downstream targets, and modulatory links by growth factors. Occurrence of pediatric brain tumors including medulloblastoma are mostly sporadic, but some hereditary diseases like Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gorlin's syndrome, Turcot's syndrome, and Rubenstein-Tarbi syndrome are known to contribute their development as consequences of germline mutations at specific points: DNA-repairing gene Tp53 for Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Patch for Gorlin's, and apoptosis-related gene product adenomatous polyposis coli for Turcot's disease. Intracellular relations at molecular level and future therapeutics that specifically target the corresponding pathways should be well understood in order to prevent and cure childhood medulloblastoma

Rebound intracranial hypertension after noninvasive treatment of intracranial hypotension: Case report and literature review

###EgeUn###Intracranial hypotension is a clinical syndrome characterized by orthostatic headache and low cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Noninvasive management is the usual first line treatment. Epidural blood patch is the treatment of choice if noninvasive treatments are ineffective. Cases with rebound intracranial hypertension after epidural blood patch treatment have been reported in the medical literature previously. We report here three patients with rebound intracranial hypertension who were treated noninvasively for intracranial hypotension. This phenomenon has not been reported previously. The underlying cause of intracranial hypotension was epidural anesthesia in the first, lumbar disc surgery in the second patient, and idiopathic in the third patient. They had been treated either with bed rest or with medical treatment not requiring epidural blood patch. After a short remission the patients were seen with a different headache pattern. They all had papilledema on examination. Automated perimetry revealed bilateral blind spot enlargement in Patient 1 and peripheral constriction in Patient 2. Cranial MRI and MRV in all three patients were normal. All the patients recovered very quickly with acetazolamide 1.5 or 2gm/day. In conclusion, rebound intracranial hypertension should be kept in mind in patients with intracranial hypotension who developed changes in the headache pattern, had new symptoms of nausea, vomiting, blurred or double vision during follow-up. Rebound intracranial hypertension can develop after conservative treatment of intracranial hypotension

The Relationship Between the Third Window Abnormalities and Inner Ear Malformations in Children with Hearing Loss

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the third window abnormalities and congenital inner ear malformations in pediatric patients with different types of hearing loss. If such a relationship should exist, it would be important to take it into account, in order to diagnose and treat pediatric hearing loss cases more accurately

The evaluation of complete blood count ratios in children with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐ncov) infection

We investigated hematological parameters included WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil and platelet count. Moreover, we evaluated hematological ratios such as NLR, MLR, ELR, BLR, PLR and MPV/PC. Two groups were classified as positive RT-PCR with bilateral patchy shadows or ground‐glass opacity in their lungs and negative RT-PCR for 2019‐nCoV. A total of 204 children were enrolled 2019-nCoV positive and negative. Seven 2019-nCoV positive patients were asymptomatic. Fever was mostly seen symptom in 2019-nCoV positive and negative patients at admission. White blood cell, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil and platelet count were significantly lower in 2019-nCoV positive patients than that of negative patients (p [Med-Science 2022; 11(1.000): 214-9

Comparative analysis of glucoinsulinemic markers and proinflammatory cytokines in prepubertal children born large-versus appropriate-for gestational age.

Children born large for gestational age (LGA) may be at risk for development of obesity and insulin resistance (IR). The reciprocal relationship of adipokines and proinflammatory cytokines is suggested to play a putative role in fine tuning of insulin secretory dynamics. To evaluate serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) concentrations in idiopathic LGA-born children to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and idiopathic LGA-born children at prepubertal ages and investigate their associations with IR, evaluated by homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR), we conducted a cross-sectional study to compare 40 (19 females) idiopathic LGA-born prepubertal children [mean +/- A SD age 6.1 +/- A 2.5 years] and 49 (25 females) (5.4 +/- A 1.8 years) AGA-born BMI-matched peers with respect to anthropometric and laboratory data. Both groups were further divided into subgroups as being obese/overweight (OW) and non-OW, and the analyses were repeated. LGA-born children were taller and heavier than AGA-born children (p < 0.001). Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and leptin were higher in LGA-born children than in AGA-born counterparts (p < 0.001). Serum TNF-alpha levels were lower and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in LGA- than in AGA-born children (p < 0.001). In the LGA group, TNF-alpha was correlated with HOMA-IR (r = -0.49, p = 0.002). LGA-born non-OW children had higher serum insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR than AGA-born counterparts. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that HOMA-IR was best explained by (R (2) = 0.517) birth weight SDS (beta = +0.418, p = 0.002), leptin (beta = +0.620, p = 0.000), and TNF-alpha (beta = -0.374, p = 0.003) in LGA-born children. Idiopathic LGA-born children have significantly lower TNF-alpha and higher IL-6 levels than AGA-born children. Reduced TNF-alpha levels are associated with increased IR

Are metabolic syndrome antecedents in prepubertal children associated with being born idiopathic large for gestational age?

IntroductionBeing born large for gestational age (LGA) is a risk factor for development of metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescents and adults