Features of Neutrophils From Atopic and Non-Atopic Elite Endurance Runners

We collected peripheral blood from thirty-nine elite male endurance runners at rest (24 hours after the last exercise session) and used the Allergy Questionnaire for Athletes score and plasma specific IgE level to separate them into atopic and non-atopic athletes. Neutrophils obtained from atopic and non-atopic athletes were subsequently stimulated in vitro with fMLP (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), or PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). Neutrophils from non-atopic runners responded appropriately to LPS, as evidenced by the production of pro (IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. Neutrophils from atopic elite runners exhibited lower responses to LPS stimulus as indicated by no increase in IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 production. Neutrophils from non-atopic and atopic runners responded similarly to fMLP stimulation, indicating that migration function remained unaltered. Both groups were unresponsive to PMA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Training hours and training volume were not associated with neutrophil IgE receptor gene expression or any evaluated neutrophil function. Since non-atopic runners normally responded to LPS stimulation, the reduced neutrophil response to the stimuli was most likely due to the atopic state and not exercise training. The findings reported are of clinical relevance because atopic runners exhibit a constant decline in competition performance and are more susceptible to invading microorganisms

Effect of regular circus physical exercises on lymphocytes in overweight children.

Obesity associated with a sedentary lifestyle can lead to changes in the immune system balance resulting in the development of inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to compare lymphocyte activation mechanisms between overweight children practicing regular circus physical exercises with non-exercised children. The study comprised 60 pubescent children randomly divided into 4 groups: Overweight Children (OWC) (10.67 ± 0.22 years old), Overweight Exercised Children (OWE) (10.00 ± 0.41 years old), Eutrophic Children (EC) (11.00 ± 0.29 years old) and Eutrophic Exercised Children (EE) (10.60 ± 0.29 years old). OWE and EE groups practiced circus activities twice a week, for 4.3 ± 0.5 and 4.4 ± 0.5 months, respectively. Percentage of T regulatory cells (Treg) and the expression of CD95 and CD25 in CD4+ lymphocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry. Lymphocyte proliferation capacity was measured by [14C]-thymidine incorporation and mRNA expression of IL-35, TGF-beta, IL-2 and IL-10 by real-time PCR. Lymphocyte proliferation was higher in OWC and OWE groups compared with the EC (3509 ± 887; 2694 ± 560, and 1768 ± 208 cpm, respectively) and EE (2313 ± 111 cpm) groups. CD95 expression on lymphocytes was augmented in the EC (953.9 ± 101.2) and EE groups (736.7 ± 194.6) compared with the OWC (522.1 ± 125.2) and OWE groups (551.6 ± 144.5). CTLA-4 expression was also lower in the OWC and OWE groups compared with the EC and EE groups. Percentage of Treg, IL-35, and IL-10 mRNA expression were lower in the OWC and OWE groups compared with the EC and EE groups. In conclusion, overweight children present altered immune system balance characterized by elevated lymphocyte proliferation due to a decrease in T regulatory cell percentage. These effects were partially reverted by moderate physical exercise, as demonstrated by decreased lymphocyte proliferation

New insights on the regulation of cancer cachexia by N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that develops during malignant tumor growth. Changes in plasma levels of several hormones and inflammatory factors result in an intense catabolic state, decreased activity of anabolic pathways, anorexia, and marked weight loss, leading to cachexia development and/or accentuation. Inflammatory mediators appear to be related to the control of a highly regulated process of muscle protein degradation that accelerates the process of cachexia. Several mediators have been postulated to participate in this process, including TNF-α, myostatin, and activated protein degradation pathways. Some interventional therapies have been proposed, including nutritional (dietary, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation), hormonal (insulin), pharmacological (clenbuterol), and nonpharmacological (physical exercise) therapies. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, are recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and have been used in therapeutic approaches to treat or attenuate cancer cachexia. In this review, we discuss recent findings on cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation in the cancer cachexia syndrome and the effectiveness of n-3 PUFAs to attenuate or prevent cancer cachexia196117134CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPNão temNão temNão temThe authors acknowledge the support from Sao Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil, Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level of Personnel (CAPES), Brazil, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil and Dean's Office for Post-graduate Studies and Research of the Cruzeiro do Sul University, Brazi

L'État, l'« Indien » et l'anthropologue

Le soulèvement zapatiste de 1994 au Chiapas est probablement la dernière couche du mille-feuilles d’images qu’en Europe on appelle « Mexique ». D’après Mauricio Tenorio, l’« idée Mexique » est constituée par un ensemble de lieux communs que le marché international des images continue de réclamer : ses ruines, ses artisanats, sa Révolution, la mort, la fête, la couleur, la Vierge de Guadalupe, Frida Kahlo, les muralistes... [Premières ligne de l'article]

Suivi spatio-temporel des phases de déboisement-reboisement dans le sud du Chili

Paper published in English (p.2-9), with extended French abstract (p.9-10) and 10 color plates (p.49-58)International audienceIndustrial forest plantation expansion is dramatically impacting the environment (biodiversity, soil, water, etc.) and social sphere. Since the enactment of Decree Law 701 (DL 701) in 1974 under the military government of Augusto Pinochet, forestry practices in Chile have become more intensive (genetic manipulation, high yield clearcutting and short rotation). The law (and its successive updates) covers up to 75% of plantation costs and is the keystone of pine and eucalyptus forest expansion. This paper presents a pluriannual detection model for monitoring and characterizing the high cutting frequency of these timber plantations. Thirteen Landsat and SPOT images taken between 1976 and 2008 are used and combined with ground data (oblique aerial photography, GPS field surveys and field sheets). A trichromatic composition is built from spectral information taken from a Red and Mid-Infrared (MIR) wavelength along a temporal gradient of 32 years. This multi-temporal on-screenvisual interpretation has led to a dynamic interpretation grid which reflects forest management stages in direct relation with pine and eucalyptus crop cycles. The method was tested on various time-steps covering the entire time period on two spatial scales : local and regional. All the spatio-temporal results are conclusive and the model established by remote sensing is of operational value.Un des grands atouts de la télédétection spatiale est l’observation récurrente d’un même environnement au fil du temps. Ainsi les dynamiques spatio-temporelles environnementales sont prises en compte grâce aux acquisitions régulières d’images satellitales. Pour l’étude de la dynamique forestière dans le sud du Chili, la télédétection est particulièrement adaptée compte tenu a) de la date du début de la métamorphose (1974) coïncidant avec la disponibilité des premières images de satellites d’observation de la Terre et b) de l’étendue du phénomène de forestation- déforestation. En effet, le « Décret-Loi 701 » (D.L.701) promulgué par le général Pinochet peu après son coup d’Etat, fut l’acte déclencheur d’une gigantesque transformation paysagère. La forêt native de type Valdivienne a été méthodiquement détruite pour être substituée par des plantations de pins et d’eucalyptus (planche 1), espèces rentables et à croissance rapide. Notre objectif est la caractérisation spectrale multi-dates des plantations exotiques (en lien avec la parcelle) ainsi que l’élaboration d’un modèle réitérable dans le temps et dans l’espace (modèle pluriannuel de détection). Pour mettre au point cette méthodologie et la rendre opérationnelle, nous avonsacquis 13 images Landsat et SPOT couvrant une période temporelle de 32 années, de 1976 à 2008. La couverture temporelle est intéressantecar elle débute deux ans après la promulgation du D.L. 701. La zone d’étude régionale est comprise entre les longitudes –73°9’11 à –73°7’11 et les latitudes –39°32’1 à –41°5’48, soit entre les villes de San José de la Mariquina et de Fresia. Un masque géométrique est appliqué afin d’exclure la Cordillère de la Côte à l’ouest, la portion est de la Dépression Intermédiaire et la Cordillère des Andes où les plantations exotiques sont quasi inexistantes. Afin d’analyser ces dynamiques à grande échelle, deux espaces échantillons sont sélectionnés : Mariquina au nord, Puaucho au sud. A partir du D.L. 701, le sud chilien a connu une extension considérable de plantations forestières exotiques de pins et d’eucalyptus au détriment de la forêt native. Les rotations sylvicoles s’établissent à 22 ans pour les pins et à 8 ans pour les eucalyptus.L’analyse spatio-temporelle de ces plantations via les images satellitales requiert préalablement un repérage de parcelles-tests sur l’ensemble de la précordillère côtière. Deux méthodes qui se complètent ont prévalu à cet inventaire : la première par transect à bord d’avion et la seconde par géolocalisation sur le terrain. Les photographies aériennes et images Google Earth permettent de repérer et géolocaliser leszones d’études, qui sont ensuite identifiées sur les images Landsat de 2008 grâce au logiciel Er-Mapper. Il est alors possible de reconstituer la dynamique forestière à partir de la série d’images Landsat ou SPOT dispobibles pour chaque site d’étude. Dans les différents parcours sur le terrain, clichés panoramiques et relevés de terrain sont réalisés de part et d’autre du transect en fonction de la variété de l’occupation du sol.La méthode proposée consiste à créer une combinaison colorée originale par la sélection de trois canaux spectraux identiques à trois dates successives en les affichant respectivement sur les trois plans images RVB dans un ordre temporel croissan. Deux types de longueurs d’onde sont sélectionnés : le rouge (0,6 – 0,7 μm) et le moyen infrarouge (MIR : 1,55 – 1,75 μm). Les signatures spectrales multi-dates de chacune des combinaisons chronologiques aident à mesurer l’amplitude des variations radiométriques pour chacune des périodes temporelles considérées. Une grille d’interprétation dynamique favorise la lecture des compositions colorées diachroniques. Ainsi la méthode, le choix des longueurs d’onde et le rendu des couleurs est en étroite relation avec les dynamiques environnementales. Les aplats colorés remarquables individualisés sur chaque composition colorée sont vectorisés en précisant l’alternance boisé-date/déboisé-date à l’échelle locale. Cette méthode permet de regrouper et de quantifier chacune de ces dynamiques sur un gradient temporel étendu. Cette opération est appliquée à l’échelle régionale et permet de détecter une nette concentration des plantations à l’ouest (pré-cordillère côtière) qui fait face à une Dépression Intermédiaire peu marquée. L’originalité de la méthode tient au fait qu’elle part de la fabrication de compositions colorées spécifiques, d’emblée multi-dates, privilégiant l’information spectrale relative aux longueurs d’onde du Rouge et du Moyen Infrarouge. Cette expérimentationest testée à plusieurs échelles spatiales, du local au régional, et à plusieurs échelles temporelles

Fish Oil Supplementation Improves the Repeated-Bout Effect and Redox Balance in 20–30-Year-Old Men Submitted to Strength Training

Herein, we investigated the effect of fish oil supplementation combined with a strength-training protocol, for 6 weeks, on muscle damage induced by a single bout of strength exercise in untrained young men. Sixteen men were divided into two groups, supplemented or not with fish oil, and they were evaluated at the pre-training period and post-training period. We investigated changes before and 0, 24, and 48 h after a single hypertrophic exercise session. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the redox imbalance were increased in response to the single-bout session of hypertrophic exercises at baseline (pre-training period) and decreased during the post-training period in the control group due to the repeated-bout effect (RBE). The fish oil supplementation exacerbated this reduction and improved the redox state. In summary, our findings demonstrate that, in untrained young men submitted to a strength-training protocol, fish oil supplementation is ideal for alleviating the muscle injury, inflammation, and redox imbalance induced by a single session of intense strength exercises, highlighting this supplementation as a beneficial strategy for young men that intend to engage in strength-training programs

The standardized conditions for RT-PCR analysis.

<p>The sequences of the primers and the annealing temperature (AT) are shown for each gene under study.</p><p>The standardized conditions for RT-PCR analysis.</p

Lymphocyte viability and proliferation capacity in Overweight Control (OWC), Eutrophic Control (EC), Overweight Exercise (OWE), and Eutrophic Exercise (EE) children.

<p>(A) Membrane cell integrity. (B) DNA fragmentation. (C) Lymphocyte proliferation. Data are expressed as counts per minute (cpm). The values are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. *P < 0.01 vs. EC; ^$P < 0.05 vs. OWC.</p