Tourism specialization and environmental sustainability in a dynamic economy

This study focuses on the dynamic behaviour of a small open economy specialized in tourism based on natural resources when tourist services are supplied to foreign tourists who are crowding-averse and care for the environment. We analyse the steady-state properties of the model and a unique locally saddle-point equilibrium is found for both the market and the central planner solution. Then we compare the effects of two policies aiming at improving the market solution: in the first the government poses a corective tax on residents'income and then redistributes the tax gains with lump-sum transfers while, in the second, the government taxes residents'income and employs the tax gains in pollution abatement technology. We find that the first policy is able to direct the economy towards its first-best dynamic path but the second policy, by relaxing the dynamic constraint on the environment, yields a higher steady-state utility when the externality effects and/or the natural regeneration rate of the environmental asset are low enough. Both policies, insofar they lead to an increase in tourists' willingness to pay, might work as an "implicit" tourist tax paid by tourists, with the difference that the first policy always leads to to this result, while the second obtains it only when tourists' aversion to crowding is not too high

Black Death - Blue Skies - White Clouds : Water Vapour Uptake of Particles Produced from Traffic Exhaust and their Effect on Climate

Aerosol particles are everywhere in the air around us, regardless of whether you are in a busy city or in the serene Arctic. Airborne particles can be produced naturally or anthropogenically, and their properties changes during the time they spend in the atmosphere. Their sizes range from about 1 nm to 100 μm, and affect us in two ways; firstly, our health by deposition in the respiratory tract, and secondly via pertubation of the climate.The Earth’s climate is affected by the radiation balance, which is in turn affected by the presence of particles and the formation of cloud droplets. Cloud droplets form on pre-existing particles by condensation of watervapour. These particles, which act as seeds for the condensation of water, are called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN).The ability of particles to take up water vapour depends on their chemical and physical properties, and is described by particle hygroscopicity. The theoretical framework used in this work to calculate particle hygroscopicity was first introduced by Köhler in 1936, and has since then been developed to account for nonideal conditions. Particle hygroscopicity of fresh and aged traffic exhaust was investigated in laboratory measurements. The complete transformation of soot particles, from fresh emissions of hydrophobic, aspherical soot agglomerates to compacted soot particles coated with secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which are able to act as CCN, was captured for the first time. The SOA produced from traffic emissions showed differences in water vapour uptake, when measured in the subsaturated compared to supersaturated regimes. Theoretical analysis using modified Köhler theory, indicated that these measured differences could be explained by limitation of the solubility of the SOA that was condensed on the seed particles.Ambient measurements of particle hygroscopicity associated with traffic emissions were performed in urban and rural environments. The urban aerosol showed a clear diurnal variation as well as a dependence on air mass origin. The fraction of particles with low hygroscopicity and the fraction of fresh soot (from traffic) showed good agreement during the daytime. However, during the night-time the fraction of agglomerated soot decreased, probably as a result of soot emissions from further away having undergone ageing, and hence restructured to more dense particles, while the hygroscopicity was not notably improved. Furthermore, observations made by following air masses from the urban to the rural environments showed that soot particle restructuring and changes in their properties may occur much faster than previously thought (within 5 hours), due to particulate nitrate formation coupled to water vapour uptake.Finally, the impact of traffic exhausts on climate was synthetized by combining the results in this thesis with those from the literature. Soot particles lead mainly to global warming. Traffic emissions can also reduce visibility, as the ability to absorb and scatter light may increase with ageing and water vapour uptake. However, with further ageing and increased hygroscopicity, the particles produced by traffic can act as cloud condensation nuclei, thus contributing to cooling. The increased hygroscopicity (due to condensation of organic and inorganic material) will affect the atmospheric lifetime of the soot particles, which also influence climate change

Network communities within and across borders

We investigate the impact of borders on the topology of spatially embedded networks. Indeed territorial subdivisions and geographical borders significantly hamper the geographical span of networks thus playing a key role in the formation of network communities. This is especially important in scientific and technological policy-making, highlighting the interplay between pressure for the internationalization to lead towards a global innovation system and the administrative borders imposed by the national and regional institutions. In this study we introduce an outreach index to quantify the impact of borders on the community structure and apply it to the case of the European and US patent co-inventors networks. We find that (a) the US connectivity decays as a power of distance, whereas we observe a faster exponential decay for Europe; (b) European network communities essentially correspond to nations and contiguous regions while US communities span multiple states across the whole country without any characteristic geographic scale. We confirm our findings by means of a set of simulations aimed at exploring the relationship between different patterns of cross-border community structures and the outreach index.Comment: Scientific Reports 4, 201

Tourism Specialization and Sustainability: A Long-Run Policy Analysis

This study focuses on the dynamic evolution of a small open economy specialized in tourism based on natural resources when tourist services are supplied to foreign tourists who are crowding-averse and give positive value to the environmental quality. We analyse the steady-state properties and run several policy exercises in two versions of our model: in the first, private agents’ income is spent entirely on consumption while, in the second, agents are allowed to invest part of their income in pollution abatement technology (PAT) which artificially increases the rate of regeneration of the environmental asset. A unique locally saddle point equilibrium is found in both versions and for both the market and the centralized solution. Our main findings are that: 1) a corrective income tax raises steady state utility in both versions but is capable of leading the economy in its first-best dynamic path only when agents cannot invest in the PAT; 2) when the PAT is available to the government but not to agents, an income tax which finances abatement expenditures may increase steady state utility with respect to the market solution when the natural regeneration rate of the environment and the degree of crowding-aversion are both low enough; 3) when PAT is available, the market chooses to devote a higher fraction of income to abatement than the central planner but in both cases this fraction is positive only if the natural rate of regeneration is not too large; 4) when PAT is available an income pollution tax does not affect the dynamic path of the market economy.Tourism specialization, Sustainability, Environmental quality, Crowding, Pollution abatement

Economic assessment of use of pulses in diets for captive red deer

Received: February 6th, 2021 ; Accepted: April 24th, 2021 ; Published: April 29th, 2021 ; Correspondence:[email protected] quality of compound feeds used in livestock diets could be enhanced by means of domestically produced pulses. Nevertheless, there are available few research studies that would allow us to identify the economic efficiency of livestock diets with pulses and the digestibility of protein by livestock for deer farming. Accordingly, the present research aims to identify the economic efficiency of diets supplemented with domestically produced pulses - faba beans, peas and lupine beans - for captive deer. The research conducted a feeding experiment on captive deer (Cervus elaphus) kept in fenced areas to identify the economic efficiency of diets supplemented with three legume species: peas (variety ‘Vitra’), faba beans (variety ‘Fuego’) and narrow-leaved lupin seeds (variety ‘Boregine’). Deer productivity was assessed by live weight, live weight gain, feed intake and protein efficiency ratio during the experimental period, as well as feed cost per live weight gain unit. The research found that feeding deer diets containing peas, faba beans and lupine beans as protein-rich feedstuffs was economically advantageous - at the same cost of feed, deer productivity increased and per-unit production costs decreased. Live weight gains during the experimental period were 1.02% higher in group 2 (pea diet), 1.78% higher in group 3 (faba bean diet) and 2.91% higher in group 4 (lupine diet) than in the control group. During the experimental period, the highest protein efficiency ratio was found in group 4 fed a diet containing lupine beans - a unit of protein fed (1 kg) yielded the highest weight gain or 0.43 kg. Feed costs per kg of live weight gain were the lowest in group 4 (2.32 EUR kg-1 ), 2.48 EUR kg-1 in group 3 and 2.70 EUR kg-1 in group 2, which was 20.56%, 14.81% and 7.39%, respectively, lower than those in the control group

Do we need more time for leisure?

”We need more time: more time for leisure” Linton Kwesi Jonhson used to dub. Indeed, the analysis of an OLG economy with endogenous labor supply gives some rational to the dub poet’s claims. In our setting, the golden rule is defined as the pair of capital-labour ratio and individual labour supply which maximises the steady state utility of each generation. When, other things equal, agents are motivated to work more the higher the level of wages, individual labor supply will be increasing (decreasing) in capital labor ratio according to whether the elasticity of wages per unit of labour is bigger (smaller) than the relative change of the value of the fraction of labour income saved. Hence, if the economy is dynamically efficient, agents tend to work more than in the Golden Age if the propensity to save evaluated at the golden rule is, other things equal, relatively high. Conversely, under dynamic inefficiency, they work too much if and only if the propensity to save is relatively low. For given values of the parameters determining the propensity to save, individuals in dynamic efficient (inefficient) economies work more than in the Golden Age as long as the labour share of income is sufficiently high (low). These findings appear to be of some interest with reference to the 35 hours working-week debate in Europe

VARIASI BAHASA SOSIOLEK DALAM FILM YOWIS BEN 2

Variasi bahasa dapat terbentuk karena adanya perbedaan geografis, ekonomi, sosial, pendidika, dan sebagainya salah satu variasi bahasa yang ada adalah sosiolek. Sosiolek merupakan sebuah ilmu dalam kajian sosiolinguistik yang dimana sosiolinguistik merupakan ilmu antardisiplin antara sosiologi dan linguistik. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi sosiolek adalah faktor usia, faktor pekerjaan serta faktor ekonomi. Sosiolek sendiri dibedakan menjadi beberapa jenis yaitu akrolek, basilek, slang, vulgar, kolokial, serta ken. Sehingga pada penelitian ini difokuskan pada jenis-jenis sosiolek serta faktor yang melatari terbentuknya sosiolek pada sebuah film dengan judul “Yowis Ben 2” yang ditulis serta diperankan oleh Bayu Skak. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode simak bebas libat cakap (SBLC) serta tehnik catat. Pada penelitian ini kita dapat mengetahui tentang wujud sosiolek serta faktor penyebab terjadinya sosiolek. Kata kunci : variasi bahasa, sosiolek, ,fil