Cointegration analysis of wine export prices for France, Greece and Turkey

Mediterranean countries have noticeable affect on the world wine exportation. Among these countries France, Greece and Turkey are selected for this study because of different wine market, trade systems and wine policies they have. In this study, cointegration analysis was conducted for real wine export prices and real exchange rates for France, Greece and Turkey. The long term relationships between real exchange rates and real wine export values were explored by using cointegration analysis. Annual data from 1970 to 2003 was used for this analysis and the data sets were found to be integrated of the same order. It was also found that they move together in the long run by Johansen Cointegration Test. Then, Error Correction Model (ECM) was applied to search any short term relations and impacts of exchange rate variations on wine exports. French and Greek monetary policies affect their wine export volume by the years. Therefore, any depreciation of local currency in dollar terms will lead to increase of exports vice versa. On the other hand, Turkish wine real export value and real exchange rate were found not cointegrated. Since, there was not any cointegrated vector, any exchange rate volatility do not influence Turkish real export wine value. Subsequently, the reasons of wine market failures in these countries and pursued policies were discussed.Cointegration Analysis, Error Correction Model (ECM), Wine Export Prices, Real Exchange Rates, Wine Market, Demand and Price Analysis,

IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON MILK INCENTIVE POLICIES IN TURKEY: ANTALYA PROVINCE CASE

Agricultural policy instruments are implementing in different ways among all agricultural based activities. These instruments have been performed for livestock including dairy cattle and milk for many years in Turkey. Until the year 1950, agricultural support system was organized according to genetically improvement, animal illnesses and veterinary services. Nowadays, agricultural support composition has changed. Milk incentive premium is one of the supports given to producers to achieve high quality level for milk. The idea behind this premium was to provide well organized milk distribution channel from producers to modern enterprises. In this study, producers who receive milk incentive premium were chosen for face to face survey in Antalya province. It was examined from the study if premium system is accomplished through the idea. The secondary outcomes of the research were to determine the influence of the premium on producers attitudes, income level, product quantity, as well as membership tendency for cooperatives or unions.milk incentive premium, milk marketing, producer surplus, Antalya, Agricultural and Food Policy, Livestock Production/Industries,

On the fundamental equations of electromagnetoelastic media in variational form with an application to shell/laminae equations

AbstractThe fundamental equations of elasticity with extensions to electromagnetic effects are expressed in differential form for a regular region of materials, and the uniqueness of solutions is examined. Alternatively, the fundamental equations are stated as the Euler–Lagrange equations of a unified variational principle, which operates on all the field variables. The variational principle is deduced from a general principle of physics by modifying it through an involutory transformation. Then, a system of two-dimensional shear deformation equations is derived in differential and fully variational forms for the high frequency waves and vibrations of a functionally graded shell. Also, a theorem is given, which states the conditions sufficient for the uniqueness in solutions of the shell equations. On the basis of a discrete layer modeling, the governing equations are obtained for the motions of a curved laminae made of any numbers of functionally graded distinct layers, whenever the displacements and the electric and magnetic potentials of a layer are taken to vary linearly across its thickness. The resulting equations in differential and fully variational, invariant forms account for various types of waves and coupled vibrations of one and two dimensional structural elements as well. The invariant form makes it possible to express the equations in a particular coordinate system most suitable to the geometry of shell (plate) or laminae. The results are shown to be compatible with and to recover some of earlier equations of plane and curved elements for special material, geometry and/or effects

On the fundamental equations of piezoelasticity of quasicrystal media

AbstractThe three-dimensional fundamental equations of elasticity of quasicrystals with extension to quasi-static electric effect are expresses in both differential and variational invariant forms for a regular region of quasicrystal material. The principle of conservation of energy is stated for the regular region and the constitutive relations are obtained for the piezoelasticity of material. A theorem is proved for the uniqueness in solutions of the fundamental equations by means of the energy argument. The sufficient boundary and initial conditions are enumerated for the uniqueness. Hamilton’s principle is stated for the regular region and a three-field variational principle is obtained under some constraint conditions. The constraint conditions, which are generally undesirable in computation, are removed by applying an involutory transformation. Then, a unified variational principle is obtained for the regular region, with one or more fixed internal surface of discontinuity. The variational principle operating on all the field variables generates all the fundamental equations of piezoelasticity of quasicrystals under the symmetry conditions of the phonon stress tensor and the initial conditions. The resulting equations, which are expressible in any system of coordinates and may be used through simultaneous approximation upon all the field variables in a direct method of solutions, pave the way to the study of important dislocation, fracture and interface problems of both elasticity and piezoelasticity of quasicrystal materials

The Effect of Ventilation on the Accuracy of Pulmonary Artery and Wedge Pressure Measurements

journal articleBiomedical Informatic

On the dynamics of the recursive sequence

αxn−1 ∗ xn+1 = β+γ t∑ x k=

Sentetik ve Organik Gübrelerin Mısırda (Zea Mays L.) Verim ve Kaliteye Etkisi

Organik Tarım genel olarak mevcut olan ekolojik dengeyi korumak için tamamen veya mümkün olduğu ölçüde az kimyevi mücadele ilacı, gübre kullanımı ile, hayvancılıkta büyüme düzenleyiciler ve yem katkı maddeleri kullanımını kaldıran iyi bir toprak bakımı, ekim nöbeti, doğal gübreleme ve biyolojik zirai mücadele yapılması fikrine dayanan bir tarım sistemi olarak tanımlanabilir (Er ve Uranbey 1996). Dünyada başlangıçta ağırlıklı olarak şeker mısırı üzerinde yürütülen araştırmalar öncelik almışken, bugün organik mısırdan elde edilen mısır gevreği, mısır cipsleri, mısır nişastası, mısır yağı ve organik hayvansal ürün üretim zincirinde kullanılan yem de önemli miktardadır. Bu çalışma ile Sakarya T.A.E’nde sentetik ve organik gübrelerin mısır verimi ve ürün kalitesine olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Proje gereği fiğ bitkisi sonrasında (mısır ekim öncesi) yapılan toprak analizinde toprak pH’nın düştüğü, toprağın organik maddesi, NH4-N’u ve NO3-N’u arttığı görülmüştür. Mısır hasat sonrası uygulama parsellerinin toprak analiz sonuçlarına göre organik gübrelerin toprağın organik madde içeriğini arttırdığı ve böylece toprağın gözenek hacminin artması ve toprağın strüktürel özellikleri üzerine olan olumlu katkıları sonucunda toprağın su tutma kapasitesinin arttığı görülmüştür. Toplam tuz bakımından en fazla tuzluluk yapan uygulama ise ticari gübre uygulaması olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre denemede yer alan organik preparatların ve organik gübrelerin verim verim unsurlarına etkisi en az ticari gübre kadar olumlu olmuştur. Hasat sonrası uygulama parsellerinden alınan tane örnekleri tanede yağ oranı, tanede nişasta oranı ve tanede protein oranını belirlemek için iki ayrı laboratuarda analiz yaptırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre organik gübrelerin mısırın kalitesine olumlu etki ettiği de görülmüştür. 3 yıllık çalışma sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesinde ekonomik analiz de yer almıştır. Net Kar analizinin yapıldığı projede organik uygulamalardan alınan verimlerin organik ürün olarak değerlendirildiğinde ticari gübreden daha karlı olduğu belirlenmiştir

EFFECT OF AUTOCLAVE CURE PRESSURE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND VOID CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES

International audienceAutoclave curing is a commonly used fabrication process for high-performance structural composite laminates used in aerospace industry. During the manufacturing, a variety of process parameters such as the temperature and the pressure in the autoclave influence the formation of voids throughout the laminate. In particular, the magnitude of autoclave pressure determines the final fiber volume fraction, overall void content, and mechanical properties, including flexural strength and modulus. In this study, a number of composite laminates made of IM7/EX-1522, a carbon fiber reinforced epoxy prepreg, are produced by autoclave curing. The influence of different pressures on flexural properties of composite laminate is examined. In addition, void volume fraction as well as shape and size distributions of voids are presented. The experimental results have shown that increasing consolidation pressure during cure alone may not increase all the mechanical properties. Flexural modulus is found to be higher at higher consolidation pressure which is attributed to the higher fiber volume fraction. Unlike the flexural modulus, the flexural strength is significantly affected by the location, size, and shape of the voids. If the magnitude of cure pressure is not chosen properly, elongated voids may form at the fiber-matrix and could lead to considerable reduction of interfacial strength of the composites