The effect of cadmium on phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and lipid peroxidation in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings

In this study, the effect on differrent concentrations (20, 40, 80µM ve 100 µM CdCl2 ) of cadmium (CdCl2) on the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and lipid peroxidation amount in leaf and stem of Kahramanmaraş- Hot (Capsicum annum L.) pepper seedlings were researched. Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, was increased at 2 and 4 days in KM-Hot plants exposed to CdCl2 stress. The highest PAL activity was detected in 20 μM CdCl2 application, on the four day after the application in the leaves of KM-Hot pepper. Moreover, it was observed that treatment of pepper with Cd led to an increased the rate of lipid peroxidation (which is indicated by increasing MDA content) in the leaf and stem tissues. The highest MDA content was detected in 80 μM CdCl2 application, on the four day after the application in the leaf tissues. These results suggest that the activation of PAL may be associated with increased production of MD

Investigation of antifungal activity of ononis spinosa L. ash used for the therapy of skin infections as folk remedies

Yüzyıllardır halk arasında uygulanan geleneksel bitki tedavileri, son yıllarda bitkisel kaynaklı doğal ürünlerin kullanımına karşı eğiliminin artmasıyla yeniden ilgi odağı olmuştur. Buna ek olarak günümüzde fırsatçı mantar enfeksiyonlarının morbidite ve mortalitesindeki artış ve mantarların antifungal ajanlara karşı hızla geliştirdikleri direnç sorunu, bitki kaynaklı preparatların yeni antifungaller olarak kullanıldığı geleneksel tedavi alternatifini de gündeme getirmektedir. Leguminosae ailesinde yer alan Ononis spinosa L. (kayışkıran otu), birçok hastalığın yanı sıra deri lezyonları ve/veya enfeksiyonlarının geleneksel tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar da, Ononis spinosa (OS)’nın antibakteriyel, antifungal, antiinflamatuvar ve analjezik etkileri olduğunu desteklemektedir. Bu bitkinin genellikle kök ve aerial kısımlarının kullanılmasına karşın; ülkemizin Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde, cilt enfeksiyonlarına karşı yerel halk, OS külünü daha yaygın olarak kullanmaktadır. Literatür taramasında bu bitkinin külünden elde edilen ekstraktların antifungal etkileri ile ilgili herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Şırnak’ın Cizre ilçesinden toplanan OS örneklerinin 400°C’de yakılmasıyla elde edilen külünün antifungal etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. OS külünün steril distile su ve etanol içinde ekstraksiyonu yapılmış ve elde edilen ekstraktların in vitro antifungal aktiviteleri; bir Candida albicans standart suşu (ATCC 95071) ile 9 klinik izolat (C.albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis, Candida pelliculosa, Trichosporon asahii, Trichophyton rubrum) olmak üzere toplam 10 mantar suşu üzerinde disk difüzyon (DD) yöntemi ile araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler mikrodilüsyon yöntemi ile belirlenen minimal inhibitör konsantrasyon (MİK) ve minimal fungisidal konsantrasyon (MFK) değerleri ile de desteklenmiştir. Çalışmamızda, OS külünün hem su hem de etanol ekstraktlarının C. albicans standart suşuna karşı etkili olduğu saptanmış (DD inhibisyon zonu sırasıyla, 16 ve 15 mm; MİK= 1.25 µg/ml, MFK= 1.25 µg/ml); bir C.glabrata klinik izolatı üzerindeki etkinin, sadece etanol ekstraktı ile oluşturulduğu (DD inhibisyon zonu= 10 mm; MİK= 5.00 µg/ml, MFK= 40.00 µg/ml) gösterilmiştir. Buna karşın diğer klinik Candida spp. suşları ile T.asahii ve T. rubrum suşlarına karşı herhangi bir antifungal etki belirlenememiştir. Sonuç olarak çalışmamızda, cilt enfeksiyonlarının geleneksel tedavisinde kullanılan OS külünün bazı Candida suşları üzerinde antifungal etkisi olduğunu vurgulayan ön veriler elde edilmiş; ancak bu bulguların daha kapsamlı ve ileri çalışmalarla desteklenmesi gerektiği kanısına varılmıştır.Traditional folk remedies used for centuries come up focus of interest in recent years, due to the trend of use of herb-derived natural products. In addition, increasing morbidity and mortality rates of opportunistic fungal infections and accelerating antifungal resistance rates of fungi lead to the use of alternative therapies with herb-derived preparations as novel antifungals. Ononis spinosa L. (spiny restharrow), which is classified in Leguminosae family, is one of the plants used in herbal medicine as folk re- medies for the treatment of skin lesions and/or infections as well as many other disorders. Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Ononis spinosa (OS) have already been supported by different studies. The roots and aerial sections of OS are the mainly employed parts for application, however local communities inhabiting at southeastern parts of Anatolia, Turkey, employ the ashes of OS widely to heal the skin infections. There have been no reports about the antifungal activity of OS ashes as far as the current literature is concerned. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of ashes of OS, collected from a rural area located at Southeast Anatolia. Ashes of OS have been obtained by burning the plant samples at 400°C, and extracted in sterile distilled water and ethanol. The efficacy of aqueous and ethanol extracts of OS ashes were tested against 10 fungi, of which one was a Candida albicans standard strain (ATCC 95071) and the others were clinical isolates (C.albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis, Candida pelliculosa, Trichosporon asahii, Trichophyton rubrum). Antifungal susceptibility test was performed by disc diffusion (DD) method and the results were confirmed with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values determined by microdilution method. The results indicated that both aqueous and ethanol extracts of OS ash showed antifungal activity against C. albicans ATCC 95071 (DD inhibition zones were 16 and 15 mm, respectively; MIC= 1.25 µg/ml, MFC= 1.25 µg/ml), whereas against C.glabrata clinical isolate only ethanol extract exhibited antifungal activity (DD inhibition zone= 10 mm, MIC= 5.00 µg/ml, MFC= 40.00 µg/ml). No antifungal effect was detected against the other clinical Candida spp, T.asahii and T. rubrum isolates. In conclusion, since our results emphasize that extracts of OS ash that traditionally used for skin disorders, showed promising degrees of an- tifungal activity against some of Candida strains, these preliminary data should be supported by further large-scale studies

Biber ( Capsicum annuum L. cv. Kahramanmaraş-Acı ) Fidelerinde Bakır Sülfatın (CuSO4 ) Fenilalanin Amonyum Liyaz (PAL) Enzim Aktivitesi, Fenolik Maddeler ve Toplam Klorofil Üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışmada biber ( Capsicum annuum L. cv. Kahramanmaraş-Acı) fidelerinde Fenilalanin amonyum liyaz enzimi, klorofil ve fenoliklere bakır sülfat (CuSO4 )' ın etkisi araştırılmıştır. 7-8 yapraklı fideler 24 saat süresince 0.5 M konsantrasyonundaki CuSO4 çözeltisine maruz bırakılmışlardır. 0, 0,5, 1,5, 3, 6, 12 ve 24 saat sonra CuSO4'a maruz bırakılan fidelerde Fenilalanin amonyum liyaz (PAL) aktivitesi, toplam klorofil ve toplam fenolik içerikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bakır sülfata maruz bırakılan fidelerin yapraklarında toplam klorofil içeriğinin azalmasına karşın PAL aktivitesinde ve fenolik madde miktarında artma tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre en yüksek PAL aktivitesi uygulamanın 3. ve 24.saatinde, en yüksek toplam fenolik miktarı 3.saatte bulunmuş, klorofil miktarındaki en yüksek azalma ise 24. saatin sonunda görülmüştür. Anahtar kelimeler: Bakır, Biber, Fenilalanin Amonyum Liyaz, Klorofil, Fenolik Bileşi

Effect of Silver Nitrate Solvent on Total Protein, Total Phenolic and Some Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Cell Suspension Culture of Capsicum annuum L.

Heavy metal pollution is a significant environmental problem with negative potential impacts on agriculture and human health. In this study, calluses were obtained by using in vitro germinated hypocotyl explants of pepper seedlings and cell suspensions were prepared from these calluses. The effect of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution added in different concentrations and times to cell suspension cultures of pepper on total protein and total phenolic compound amounts, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activities were analysed. Total protein and total phenolic amounts, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activities were detected by spectrophotometric methods. When the effects of silver metal on pepper plant were examined, it was determined that silver metal reduced the total protein and phenolic content in the pepper plant cells and especially at higher concentration, in the first 24 hour period, antioxidant enzyme activities increased

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on anatomy and morphology of green epper Capsicum anuum L

High hydrostatic pressure is a non-thermal food processing technology, which also has several successful applications in different areas besides food processing. In this study, Capsicum annuum L. (pepper) seeds are subjected to 50, 100, 200 and 300 MPa pressure for 5 min at 25°C and the seedlings of HHP processed seeds are used to compare percentage of seed germination and biochemical properties such as chlorophyll a, b and a/b, proline content, total protein, carotenoid, malondialdehyde, glucose, fructose and phenolic compounds concentrations. As a result of the study, it was observed that there are remarkable changes in terms of biochemical properties especially for seedlings, whose seeds were pressurized at 200 and 300 MPa. More detailed studies are needed to put forward the mechanism behind the changes in biochemical properties

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on seed germination, microbial quality, anatomy-morphology and physiological characteristics of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seedlings

High hydrostatic pressure is a non-thermal food processing technology that is found to increase the percentage of germination, decrease the germination time and improve the microbial quality of seeds. In this study, pressures of 100-400MPa for 10min at 30 degrees C are used to compare the percentage of germination, the microbial quality of seeds, chlorophyll a and b, and total phenolic compounds concentrations in seedlings, and the anatomy-morphology characteristics of garden cress. Enhanced reductions of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total and fecal coliforms, and yeast and mould populations in seeds were observed, especially at 300MPa. In addition, the percentage of germination, chlorophyll content and phenolic compounds concentrations, fresh and dry weights, and hypocotyl lengths of the seedlings are higher than those of all samples, where the percentage of germination is equal to controls but higher than other samples, and radicula length is lower than controls but higher than others

ANADOLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri tohum çimlenmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Bu çalışmada tuz stresi altında biberin fide büyümesi (radikula uzunluğu, hipkotil uzunluğu, taze ağırlık, kuru ağırlık) ve tohum çimlenmesi üzerine dışsal poliaminler (spermin ve putresin)’in etkisi araştırılmıştır. Artan tuz konsantrasyonu çimlenme üzerinde önemli bir azalmaya neden olmuştur (

Allelopathic Effects of Cinclidotus pachylomoides (Bryophyta) on Pepper and Corn Plants

In this study, the allelopathic effect of Cinclidotus pachylomoides Bizot extracts at two different solvents (distilled water and ethanol) and different concentrations (0, 25 and 50 mg. mL⁻¹) on Capsicum annuum L. and Zea mays L. culture plants were investigated. In the pepper and corn plants root-shoot height, wet and dry weigh ts were determined. In addition, the relative water contents, photosynthetic pigment amounts, total phenolic amounts, proline amounts, total protein amounts and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT) activities from secondary fresh leaves were examined. As a result, it has been found that C. pachylomoides has allelopathic effects on pepper and corn plants