Physiological evaluation of free-ranging moose (<it>Alces alces</it>) immobilized with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in Northern Sweden

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Evaluation of physiology during capture and anesthesia of free-ranging wildlife is useful for determining the effect that capture methods have on both ecological research results and animal welfare. This study evaluates capture and anesthesia of moose (<it>Alces alces</it>) with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in Northern Sweden.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Fifteen adult moose aged 3–15 years were darted from a helicopter with a combination of 3.37 mg etorphine, 75 mg xylazine, and 15 mg acepromazine. Paired arterial blood samples were collected 15 minutes apart with the first sample at 15–23 minutes after darting and were analyzed immediately with an i-STAT®1 Portable Clinical Analyzer.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All animals developed hypoxemia (PaO₂ <10 kPa) with nine animals having marked hypoxemia (PaO₂ 5.5-8 kPa). All moose were acidemic (ph<7.35) with nine moose having marked acidemia (pH<7.20). For PaCO_2, 14 moose had mild hypercapnia (PaCO₂ 6-8 kPa) and two had marked hypercapnia (PaCO₂>8 kPa). Pulse, respiratory rate, pH and HCO₃ increased significantly over time from darting whereas lactate decreased.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The hypoxemia found in this study is a strong indication for investigating alternative drug doses or combinations or treatment with supplemental oxygen.</p

Antecedents and outcomes of supplier innovativeness in international customer-supplier relationships: The role of knowledge distance

The increasing competitive pressures and speed of R&amp;D and product innovation is prompting many multinational enterprise customers to outsource their core activities to suppliers. Despite organizational challenges due to cultural and physical separation from their partners, these are now charged with supplier-driven innovation. This study looks at key drivers of supplier innovativeness, examines the role of cross-national differences in shaping supplier innovativeness and examines the impact of this dimension on relationship performance in international customer–supplier relationships. Our findings from a large-scale survey of Taiwanese electronics suppliers provide evidence of the contribution of antecedents such as customer orientation, customer control and technological uncertainty to the enhancement of supplier innovativeness. Innovativeness contributes to increased customer dependence and improves relationship performance. Differences in knowledge bases stemming from different institutions are also tested in this study; we find that knowledge distance may be detrimental to the innovativeness-performance link in international exchange relationships