An Examination Of Police Perceptions And Attitudes Toward Juveniles In Texas

The purpose of this study was to examine police officers’ perceptions (opinions) and attitudes when interacting with juveniles given the officers’ individual demographics and organizational/departmental characteristics. Also, this study examined the officers’ reported demographics of the juveniles with whom they interacted to understand any possible influence on the interactions. This quantitative study involved officers completing a survey consisting of 42 questions divided into four sections that included: (1) demographics, (2) organization, (3) interaction with juveniles, and (4) police perceptions and attitudes. The organizational section addressed two sub-categories—cynicism and isolation. The 125 police officers in this study were solicited from 16 different police departments, both urban and rural in the State of Texas. Through exploring officers’ age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, experience, marital status, current rank/position as well as officers’ cynicism and isolation when interacting with juveniles, this study found that the demographic characteristics of officers were not significant except for amount of education and years iv of experience. Officers who had a high school or less level of education exhibited more favorable attitudes toward juveniles than those who had a bachelor’s degree as well as those with a graduate degree. Also, officers who had five or less years of experience possessed more favorable perceptions toward juveniles than those with 16 or more years of experience. Officers’ positions did not significantly impact their perceptions and attitudes when interacting with juveniles. The officers’ cynicism and isolation did significantly impact their perceptions toward juveniles. In addition, a significant linear relationship was found between police officers’ cynicism, isolation, and their attitudes toward juveniles. On the other hand, reported juvenile demographic characteristics, such as race, and gender had no impact on police officers’ perceptions and attitudes when interacting with juveniles. However, when the variables officer’s years of policing experience, juvenile’s race, and juvenile’s gender were controlled, the variable juvenile’s age contributed significantly to police attitudes toward juveniles

The Role of Foreign Language Culture on Teaching the Language and Learner Motivation

People are living in different places in the world and the way of life and the customs of these groups of people directly affect the communication between them. Therefore, the cultures of society and the language they use are two important things that constitute them and do not separate from each other. Motivation, which is one of the factors affecting success in secondary or foreign language learning, is defined as a driving force that initiates, directs, and then sustains the learning process (Clement, Dörnyei & Noels, 1994; Pintrich & Schunk, 1996). In the process of learning a new foreign language, cultural elements in the target language motivates the student positively and facilitates learning the knowledge more easily and efficiently. Considering the importance of this issue, this study was carried out by separating two groups of 40 students at the Upper-intermediate Level in Iraq Ishik University Preparatory School. With assessing both groups’ scores and outcomes of the progress tests of the course-book for 12 weeks and by taking into consideration the evaluation of the written feedbacks about the method after the application, the importance of the target foreign language culture and the contribution to the student motivation are shown

The Use of Scaffolding Techniques in Language Learning: Extending the Level of Understanding

Due to its contributing influence on language learning, scaffolding is a significant instructional tool. Scaffolding techniques engage learners in collaborative settings under adult guidance. As learners perform tasks successfully with teacher assistance, they develop new abilities and extend their understanding. Teachers withdraw their support when learners grasp new concepts, solidify their understanding and promote their independence in the learning process. Scaffolding has the potential to increase competence of learners in accomplishing their tasks and enable them to become independent learners. This paper attempts to demonstrate the advantages of using scaffolding techniques in language learning settings

Economic Impact of Online Education during Covid 19 Process on Students: Tishk International University Case

The Covid-19 process has brought many problems with it. This process has many negative effects on the education sector. One of these negative effects is the economic burden on students and teachers. In addition, this process, which has brought extra economic burdens to educational institutions in general, has deeply affected everyone in the sector. In order to see how this situation affected the students we discussed economically, a Likert scale questionnaire was applied to them. The results obtained showed that these students also had to face economic problems

Psychological Effects of Online Education during Covid 19 Process on Students: Tishk International University Case

The Covid-19 process has deeply affected people psychologically as well as in many different ways. This pandemic, which spread from China to the whole world, has caused increasingly important psychological problems over time. This pandemic, which caused great anxiety, fear and panic on the masses of the people, also had an impact on students. Online education, which emerged as a result of this process, also caused psychological problems. In order to determine how effective these were in the sample we discussed, a Likert scale questionnaire was applied. While the results obtained are generally in harmony with the problems mentioned in the literature, some contradictory results have also emerged

Wearable Inertial Gait Algorithms: Impact of Wear Location and Environment in Healthy and Parkinson’s Populations

Wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) are used in gait analysis due to their discrete wearable attachment and long data recording possibilities within indoor and outdoor environments. Previously, lower back and shin/shank-based IMU algorithms detecting initial and final contact events (ICs-FCs) were developed and validated on a limited number of healthy young adults (YA), reporting that both IMU wear locations are suitable to use during indoor and outdoor gait analysis. However, the impact of age (e.g., older adults, OA), pathology (e.g., Parkinson′s Disease, PD) and/or environment (e.g., indoor vs. outdoor) on algorithm accuracy have not been fully investigated. Here, we examined IMU gait data from 128 participants (72-YA, 20-OA, and 36-PD) to thoroughly investigate the suitability of ICs-FCs detection algorithms (1 × lower back and 1 × shin/shank-based) for quantifying temporal gait characteristics depending on IMU wear location and walking environment. The level of agreement between algorithms was investigated for different cohorts and walking environments. Although mean temporal characteristics from both algorithms were significantly correlated for all groups and environments, subtle but characteristically nuanced differences were observed between cohorts and environments. The lowest absolute agreement level was observed in PD (ICC2,1 = 0.979, 0.806, 0.730, 0.980) whereas highest in YA (ICC2,1 = 0.987, 0.936, 0.909, 0.989) for mean stride, stance, swing, and step times, respectively. Absolute agreement during treadmill walking (ICC2,1 = 0.975, 0.914, 0.684, 0.945), indoor walking (ICC2,1 = 0.987, 0.936, 0.909, 0.989) and outdoor walking (ICC2,1 = 0.998, 0.940, 0.856, 0.998) was found for mean stride, stance, swing, and step times, respectively. Findings of this study suggest that agreements between algorithms are sensitive to the target cohort and environment. Therefore, researchers/clinicians should be cautious while interpreting temporal parameters that are extracted from inertial sensors-based algorithms especially for those with a neurological condition

Gait analysis in neurological populations: Progression in the use of wearables

Gait assessment is an essential tool for clinical applications not only to diagnose different neurological conditions but also to monitor disease progression as it contributes to the understanding of underlying deficits. There are established methods and models for data collection and interpretation of gait assessment within different pathologies. This narrative review aims to depict the evolution of gait assessment from observation and rating scales to wearable sensors and laboratory technologies, and provide possible future directions. In this context, we first present an extensive review of current clinical outcomes and gait models. Then, we demonstrate commercially available wearable technologies with their technical capabilities along with their use in gait assessment studies for various neurological conditions. In the next sections, a descriptive knowledge for existing inertial based algorithms and a sign based guide that shows the outcomes of previous neurological gait assessment studies are presented. Finally, we state a discussion for the use of wearables in gait assessment and speculate the possible research directions by revealing the limitations and knowledge gaps in the literature

E-Book Reading Genre Preferences of Teachers Teaching in Foreign Languages in Private Schools (Case Study / Iraq)

This study examines the electronic book reading preferences of teachers who teach their subjects in a foreign language in secondary school, high school, and university in terms of different variables. This study examines the teachers' electronic book reading interests, the types of books, and book reading pages regarding gender variables. In the research, a descriptive survey model was used. Descriptive analysis was carried out on large groups. The opinions and attitudes of the individuals in the group were taken, and the facts and events were tried to be described (Karakaya, 2012). The study was carried out with 23 teachers working in 3 different private institutions in the Kurdistan region of Iraq in the 2021-2022 academic year. According to the findings, teachers' e-book reading genres increased in subjects that appealed to their careers. The researchers found that the difference between male and female teachers' book preferences is worth examining. This study explored what types of fiction and nonfiction genres teachers prefer to read digitally when digital reading is popular worldwide. This study is expected to contribute to the subsequent studies in related literature