Variación geográfica y social en el panorama lingüístico español

Como es bien sabido, entre las disciplinas lingüísticas que atienden al estudio de las variedades internas de una lengua, ocupan un lugar destacado la Sociolingüística y la Dialectología. Aunque centran su atención en diferentes aspectos del lenguaje, ya que, mientras que la Sociolingüística profundiza en las relaciones entre lengua y sociedad, el ámbito de estudio de la Dialectología es la variación lingüística en diferentes regiones geográficas, podemos afirmar que son campos complementarios que ayudan a abordar el estudio de la variación lingüística. Teniendo en cuenta que los tres tipos de variedades siempre aparecen imbricados en la lengua funcional, no sorprende que las fronteras entre los estudios sociolingüísticos y dialectales sean a menudo difusas. El objetivo de esta colección de trabajos es reunir estos dos campos principales de investigación lingüística. El enfoque de este monográfico tiene una doble vertiente: contribuciones como las de Álvarez, Corts, Louredo o Zuloaga y Atutxa estudian el lenguaje desde un punto de vista diacrónico, mientras que otros, como los de Benito al., Diz, Peralta, Simón o Von Essen, lo hacen desde una perspectiva sincrónica

Maximisation of the yield of final product on substrate in the case of sequential reactions catalysed by coimmobilised enzymes: a theoretical analysis

A theoretical procedure is reported, which aims at finding the best molar distribution of two enzymes (considered equivalent and mutually exclusive in terms of occupancy of immobilisation sites), coimmobilised in a slab-shaped porous bead, that catalyse two sequential irreversible reactions (involving an initial reactant species, an intermediate species and a final product species, at 1:1:1 stoichiometry) following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The mathematical derivation uses as objective function maximisation of yield of the final product on the initial reactant coupled with the maximum catalyst effectiveness. The Thiele modulus was found to drop out as a relevant parameter for the determination of the optimum concentration of the intermediate (reactant) species, although it plays a role in the best distribution of enzyme within the slab. Low values of kcat for the first enzyme and high values of surface concentration of the initial reactant lead to small Thiele moduli; such diffusional regime promotes retention of product(s) within the porous matrix, thus providing opportunities for more complete conversion to the final product. The maximum yield of the final product corresponds to immobilising most of the first enzyme in the innermost portion of the slab and most of the second enzyme in the outermost portion

SPANISH MULTICENTRIC STUDY ABOUT NUTRITION-INFLAMATIONhn WITH MID DILUTION (ENIMID STUDY): PRELIMINARY RESULTS

The prevalence of malnutrition are 23-76% of ESRD patients undergoing HD, and 20-50% of them suffers inflammation. Nowadays, the “malnutrition-inflammation” duo is frequently found in HD patients.The aim of this Spanish multicenter study is to evaluate the effects of the Mid-Dilution HDF on the inflammatory-nutritional state, on some body composition and on the quality of life in the HD patients. The total number of patients expected 64; the preliminary analysis of 52 patient/3 months and 23 after 6months (the study will last 1 year), is presented. Methods: Patients undergoing standard HD treatment with High Flux dialyzers for 4 hours/three times a week passed to HDF Online MidDilution with OLPUR 220 filters at a reinfusion rate of 12l/h.The patients are classified by: age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index, dialysis vintage. The parameters analyzed each 3 months are: urea, β2microglobuline, albumin, pre-albumin, CRP, fibrinogen, IL6, IL10, leptin, adiponectin, neuropeptide Y, body composition by BIVA parameters and apetite and quality life surveys. RESULTS: Patients classification: • Age: 64.06±0.8 years; • Sex: 64% male; • Charlson-index: 3.97±1.66; • HD vintage 54.7±44.8 months.Significant decrease of β2microglobuline pre-dialysis from baseline 26,16 to 20,06 mg/L (p= 0,006) after 3 months and to 17,88smg/L (p= 0.09) after 6 months. xβ2microglobulineRR was 82.45 ±3.20 % and the URR was 79.56±3.51 %, which demonstrates a good removal of medium and small molecules. The Kt/V remained stable (>1,5). Albumin increased from 3.81 g/dL to 3.87 g/dL in e months and to 3.89 g/dL in the 6 months of evaluation. No significant differences in levels of pre-albumin (xbaseline 28 mg/dl). Corporal and BIVA parameters evolution These data shown an improvement of the body composition and water distribution. .Sig. improvements were seen in the appetite scale in the first 6 months (p= 0.09). The total Quality of Life, evaluated in 3 months by SF36, increased from 55,61 to 50,66 (p= 0,05); the physic from 50,28 to 55,92 (p= 0,036); the mental from 55,69 to 60,1 (p= 0,12).Cytokines:we found an increase in neuropeptide Y and IL10 and no significant changes in leptin and adiponectin with slight increase of IL6. CONCLUSIONS: 1-The preliminary results show that MidDilution provides a good removal of small and middle molecules, increases appetite by providing a proper balance of cytokines through stimulation of antiinflamatory ones and neuropeptide Y. 2-It provides an improvement of body composition. Finally MidDilution improves nutritional parameters which leads to a better quality of life, as well as physical and mental status