The seginnins of the pediatrical nursing

The object of study of this investigations in the knowledge in pediatrics nursing from the institutionalization of the modern nursing beginning from the XIX Century. The knowledge in this study is considered as an instrument from which man apprehends his working object. From an historical perspective nursing is seen as a social articulated pratice, as part of a collective process of works, whose purposes are: the control of the disease in the society, based on collective level and the recuperation of the individual working strenght. Through the bibliography, we try to identify the characteristics of children's nursing assistance in England, during the XIX Century and the simultaneous movements of the medicinal practice: the social medicine, the clinic medical practice and puericulture. Followed the characteristics of the children's assistance in the United States in the beginning of the century and the theoretical reference in wich it is locatedEste estudo tem por objetivo analisar a origem da enfermagem pediatra moderna intitucionalizada em meados do século XIX tomando-se o conhecimento como instrumento de apreensão do objeto de trabalho pelo homem. De uma perspectiva histórica, a enfermagem é entendida como prática socialmente articulada, parte de um processo coletivo de trabalho, cujas finalidades são o controle da doença na sociedade a nível coletivo e a recuperação individual da força de trabalho. Mediante bibliografia selecionada, procura-se identificar as características da assistência de enfermagem à criança na Inglaterra, no século XIX e os movimentos sumultâneos da prática médica: Medicina Social, Prática Médica Clínica e Puericultura. A seguir, são analisadas as características da assistência à criança nos Estados Unidos na primeira metade deste século e o seu referencial teórico

Impacto del tránsito en dos sistemas de siembra

Los sistemas productivos agrícolas presentan altos niveles de mecanización con tractores y máquinas cada vez más pesados. Como consecuencia, la compactación de los suelos es un problema emergente, dando como resultado el deterioro de la estructura de muchos suelos y la baja de los rendimientos productivos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de distintas intensidades de tráfico sobre dos condiciones de suelo: con labranza y bajo siembra directa, sometidos a diferentes intensidades de tráfico. Se compararon dos sistemas de siembra: suelo bajo siembra directa y suelo con labranza. Como subtratamientos se estudió la incidencia del pasaje repetido sobre la misma senda de un tractor de 6,4 Mg resultando en una, cinco y diez pasadas. Para cuantificar la compactación inducida se evaluaron la resistencia a la penetración, la densidad aparente y la profundidad de huella. Además se evaluó la compactación máxima resultante a través del test Proctor (1933). El suelo labrado resultó ser más compactable, presentando mayor profundidad de huella y menos resistencia a la penetración luego del tráfico. El suelo bajo siembra directa presentó una menor compactabilidad Proctor y una menor humedad óptima. Además, se encontró que este suelo tenía un mayor porcentaje de carbono total y de carbono particulado y mayor estabilidad estructural. El suelo bajo siembra directa fue capaz de almacenar más agua durante un periodo más prolongado. Hubo un comportamiento reológico diferente según el sistema de labranza. Los cambios en las propiedades físicas mesuradas resultaron más evidentes en el suelo labrado.Agricultural farm systems show high levels of mechanization using tractors and machines weighing more than formers. As a consequence, soil compaction is an emerging problem, resulting in the deterioration of the structure of many soils and low yields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different intensities of traffic on two conditions of soil: low tillage and direct seeding, under different traffic intensities. Two sowing systems were compared: direct seeding and tilled soil sowing. As subtreatments, multiple traffic intensities were applied using one, five and ten passes of a 6.4 Mg tractor. Induced soil compaction was assessed by penetration resistance, bulk density and rut depth. In addition the resulting maximum compaction was evaluated using Proctor Test (1933). Tilled soil was more compactable, showing more important rut depths and less penetration resistance after the traffic. The soil under reduced tillage presented lower Proctor compactness and lower optimum moisture. Furthermore, it was found that this soil had a higher percentage of total carbon and particulate carbon, and greater structural stability. The soil under no tillage was able to store more water for a longer period. There was a different rheological behavior under tillage system. The changes in physical properties were more evident in the tilled soil.EEA Cuenca del SaladoFil: Draghi, Laura. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Jorajuría Collazo, Daniel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Sarena, Daniel Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado. Agencia de Extensión Rural Chascomus; ArgentinaFil: Bailleres, Matias Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado. Agencia de Extensión Rural Chascomus; ArgentinaFil: Melani, Esteban. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado; ArgentinaFil: Castillo, José Manuel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Cerisola, Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Palancar, Telmo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Argentin

P2 receptor-mediated modulation of neurotransmitter release—an update

Presynaptic nerve terminals are equipped with a number of presynaptic auto- and heteroreceptors, including ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors. P2 receptors serve as modulation sites of transmitter release by ATP and other nucleotides released by neuronal activity and pathological signals. A wide variety of P2X and P2Y receptors expressed at pre- and postsynaptic sites as well as in glial cells are involved directly or indirectly in the modulation of neurotransmitter release. Nucleotides are released from synaptic and nonsynaptic sites throughout the nervous system and might reach concentrations high enough to activate these receptors. By providing a fine-tuning mechanism these receptors also offer attractive sites for pharmacotherapy in nervous system diseases. Here we review the rapidly emerging data on the modulation of transmitter release by facilitatory and inhibitory P2 receptors and the receptor subtypes involved in these interactions

Effect of ingredients on the quality of gluten-free sorghum pasta

Sorghum is an underutilized cereal in human food production, despite its flour being a potential gluten-free (GF) source in the development of several foods. Thus, the aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects and interactions of different ingredients on cooking quality and texture of GF pasta. Egg albumen (A), egg powder (E), xanthan gum (X), and pregelatinized corn starch (P) were used as ingredients, and Box-Behnken experimental design was applied to study the effects of these ingredients on pasta cooking behavior, color, and texture attributes. Responses were fitted to a second order polynomial equation, and multivariable optimization was performed using maximization of general desirability. Next, optimal formulations were validated, compared with two commercial gluten-free pastas by sensory evaluation, and finally, an industrial assay was carried out. Regression coefficients indicated that A and P improved cooking properties while A and E contributed the most to improving the pasta textural properties. As, X and P effects varied depending on the kind of sorghum flour used, the optimal formulations levels were different, but in both cases these models were satisfactory and capable of predicting responses. The industrial assay was carried out with white sorghum flour because it showed a higher acceptability in the sensory evaluation than brown sorghum flour pasta. This industrially made pasta resulted in slightly better cooking properties than the laboratory produced one, with the formulation adapting well to the conventional wheat pasta industrial process. Gluten-free sorghum pasta was produced, showing good cooking and textural properties and being a suitable option for gluten-sensitive individuals.Fil: Palavecino, Pablo Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Bustos Shmidt, Mariela Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Heinzmann Alabí, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Nicolazzi, Melani Solange. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Penci, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Ribotta, Pablo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; Argentin