29 research outputs found
Mental training program in racket sports: A systematic review
The mental aspect is largely acknowledged by athletes and coaches as a salient factor explaining performance variability. The mental component of performance holds a special place in racket sports considering the inherent demands in such intense and emotional activities. The importance of mental skills in racket sports has been examined within the literature through a bulk of studies highlighting associations between mental skills and a wide range of positive outcomes. Access to the programs which aim to improve the mental skills of the athletes represents a major issue for researchers and the different stakeholders (coaches, athletes, parents). The main objectives of this study were to (a) Collect the studies that incorporate mental training programs used in racket sports, (b) Organize the current knowledge on mental training programs and provide a synthesis of the characteristics of these studies, and (c) Identify the gaps in the literature on this topic and propose potential further investigations and practical implications. The present systematic review included 27 studies which involved 715 participants. Most of the studies used a quantitative approach and were conducted on tennis. The mental skills developed varied across the studies with domination of imagery and relaxation techniques. Overall, the programs led to positive outcomes on performance indicators (e.g. improvement of service efficacy and stroke quality) and permitted the development of the targeted mental skills (e.g. concentration, motivation). This review highlighted the weak representation of females and novice players within the studiesâ participants. Moreover, the unequal representation of the techniques and outcomes in the examined studies encourages the development of further mental programs specifically applied to the demands of racket sports and a focus on different mental skills (e.g. emotional intelligence, coach education)
The effects of the Jigsaw method on students' physical activity in physical education: The role of student sex and habituation
Application of the TDMA Technique Toward the Size and Charge Distribution Measurement of Graphite, Gold, Palladium, and Silver Aerosols
The knowledge of charge distributions among aerosol particles has been an important topic for many years because of the strong electrostatic interactions which can greatly influence aerosol transport and evolution. Theoretical models have been developed although experimental verification has been limited because of the difficulty in measuring charged aerosols. Recently a method utilizing a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) has been shown to be applicable toward measuring both the size and charge distributions of nanosized combustion aerosols. The goal of this work is on further exploration of this method toward the measurement of non-combustion aerosols and in particular those associated with very high temperature reactors (VHTRs). The complete bipolar charge and size distributions of spark generated graphite, gold, silver, and palladium aerosol have been measured with a TDMA apparatus assembled and calibrated during this study. In addition, an electrostatic precipitator has been designed and constructed for measuring the size distributions of neutrally charged particles associated with these aerosols. The results show charge asymmetry in all measured aerosols with higher concentrations of positively charged particles than negative at the same charge level. These results differ from equilibrium charge distributions of both Boltzmann and Fuchs showing that charge equilibrium may not always be an appropriate assumption. The TDMA technique should find applications in characterizing VHTR aerosols and rate processes such as coagulation, deposition, and resuspension which will be important for both reactor design, and accident modeling and simulation
Antécédents et conséquences des dynamiques motivationnelles et émotionnelles des jeunes athlÚtes en centre d'entraßnement intensif
Young elite athletes involved in intensive training centres are confronted with many constraints. Motivational and emotional experiences play a part in the adaptation to the environment and promote the performance and well-being of these athletes. The main objective of this thesis was to develop knowledge about the motivational and emotional dynamics of young elite athletes involved in intensive training centres. The first chapter aimed to introduce the theoretical framework of this work and the second chapter presented the methodological and experimental framework used throughout the ten studies of this thesis. In the third chapter, a large investigation was conducted to identify distinct motivational and emotional sub-groups during a sports season to highlight the heterogeneity and variability of young athletes' motivational and emotional experiences. In the fourth chapter, this quantitative approach was complemented by detailed analyses of the dynamics and the relationships between selected variables related to these psychological processes during the sport season. This chapter explored the antecedents and consequences of emotional and motivational processes for young elite athletes. The fifth chapter aimed to set up and evaluate two intervention programs to athletes' psychological experiences. The purposes of these interventions were to (a) improve the emotional intelligence of young elite table tennis players and (b) promote an environment that supports the basic psychological needs through a coach training protocol. The results revealed the adaptive effects of the programs on the emotional competences of the athletes as well as on the levels of satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs and on the emotions experienced during the season. A final chapter provided a general discussion to develop the theoretical, methodological, and applied contributions of the studies. Finally, after displaying the limits and perspectives of this research, practical recommendations were provided for sport stakeholdersLes jeunes athlĂštes de haut niveau investis dans des centres dâentraĂźnement intensif sont confrontĂ©s Ă un ensemble de contraintes quotidiennes. En permettant lâadaptation Ă lâenvironnement, la motivation et les Ă©motions apparaissent comme dĂ©terminantes dans un souci de performance et de bien-ĂȘtre pour ces athlĂštes. Lâobjectif principal de cette thĂšse Ă©tait dâenrichir les connaissances sur les dynamiques motivationnelles et Ă©motionnelles des jeunes sportifs de haut niveau investis en centres dâentraĂźnements intensifs. Le premier chapitre consistait Ă dĂ©velopper le cadrage thĂ©orique puis le deuxiĂšme chapitre prĂ©sentait le cadre mĂ©thodologique mis en place dans les dix Ă©tudes de cette thĂšse. Dans le troisiĂšme chapitre, une investigation Ă grande Ă©chelle des diffĂ©rents profils motivationnels et Ă©motionnels au cours dâune saison sportive a permis de mettre en lumiĂšre lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© et la variabilitĂ© des jeunes athlĂštes dans leurs expĂ©riences motivationnelles et Ă©motionnelles. Dans un quatriĂšme chapitre, cette approche a Ă©tĂ© complĂ©tĂ©e par un suivi dĂ©taillĂ© des relations entre les variables qui composent ces processus psychologiques au cours de la saison sportive. Ce chapitre a permis dâapprofondir les antĂ©cĂ©dents et les consĂ©quences des processus Ă©motionnels et motivationnels. Un cinquiĂšme chapitre a Ă©tĂ© consacrĂ© Ă la construction, Ă la mise en place et Ă lâĂ©valuation de deux programmes dâintervention visant Ă amĂ©liorer les Ă©tats psychologiques. Des interventions centrĂ©es sur (a) lâamĂ©lioration de lâintelligence Ă©motionnelle de jeunes pongistes dâun niveau national et sur (b) la promotion dâun environnement soutenant les besoins psychologiques fondamentaux de jeunes pongistes dâun niveau international par un protocole de formation des entraĂźneurs Ă©taient dĂ©veloppĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© des effets adaptatifs des programmes sur les compĂ©tences Ă©motionnelles des athlĂštes ainsi que sur les niveaux de satisfaction et de frustration des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux et sur les Ă©motions ressenties au cours de la saison. Enfin, un dernier chapitre proposait une discussion gĂ©nĂ©rale afin dâinterprĂ©ter les apports thĂ©oriques, mĂ©thodologiques et appliquĂ©s des Ă©tudes rĂ©alisĂ©es. AprĂšs avoir prĂ©sentĂ© les limites et perspectives des recherches entreprises, des pistes de recommandations pratiques Ă destination des acteurs du sport de performance ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©voquĂ©e
Composantes psychologiques et mentales de la performance au tennis de table : Etat des recherches et propositions pratiques
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Revue de méthodes longitudinales pour examiner la dynamique des émotions en contexte compétitif
International audienceLâĂ©tude des Ă©motions en sport sâest largement dĂ©veloppĂ©e ces derniĂšres annĂ©es par lâexploration de leur dynamique et la reconnaissance du rĂŽle du contexte social dans leur dĂ©clenchement. Le choix de lâutilisation dâune mĂ©thodologie appropriĂ©e au regard des objectifs de lâĂ©tude revĂȘt ainsi une importance particuliĂšre. Cet article propose une revue des mĂ©thodes longitudinales permettant de modĂ©liser les processus Ă©motionnels en se centrant sur trois approches prometteuses et relativement rĂ©centes : les analyses de classe latente de courbes de croissances (ACLCC), les analyses de transitions de profils latents (ATPL) et les analyses multiniveaux. Les avantages et les inconvĂ©nients de chacune sont discutĂ©s en sâappuyant sur des exemples issus de la littĂ©rature scientifique. Tandis que les ATPL permettent de capturer la dynamique des profils en abordant le concept Ă©motionnel dans son ensemble, les ACLCC sont davantage pertinentes pour modĂ©liser lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de la dynamique dâune Ă©motion par lâidentification de diffĂ©rentes trajectoires. Enfin, les analyses multiniveaux sont particuliĂšrement utiles pour distinguer ce qui relĂšve dâun contexte social (e.g., centre dâentraĂźnement intensif) de ce qui relĂšve de lâindividu. Une attention particuliĂšre a Ă©tĂ© accordĂ©e Ă la pertinence de ces mĂ©thodes pour examiner le rĂŽle du contexte social interpersonnel dans la complexitĂ© des processus Ă©motionnels
De l'analyse des facteurs de performance à la détection et formation du joueur de Tennis de Table
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Identité Professionnelle et Epuisement Professionnel chez les Enseignants
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Burnout Profiles: Comparison between Teachers of Physical Education and other School Subjects
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