Manual de bacteriologia e de enteroparasitos

Este manual ensina, de forma clara e objetiva, o “passo-a-passo” de como realizar um exame parasitológico de fezes e bacteriológico na rotina de um laboratório de análises clínicas. Objetiva elucidar o diagnóstico clínico de enfermidades humanas, pois as doenças bacterianas e parasitárias constituem, ainda, um sério problema de saúde pública em nosso país. A hipótese clínica é de primordial importância para nortear o tratamento do paciente, mas somente com um diagnóstico laboratorial preciso, é possível garantir um tratamento adequado e um bom prognóstico do paciente. Será utilizado como apoio didático de docentes, nas aulas práticas de laboratório, aos discentes do Curso de Biomedicina e de outros da Área de Saúde da UFRN, para melhoria da formação do Analista Clínico

Influence of sweeteners in the biodistribution of radiopharmaceutical and laboratory tests in rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of sucralose and fructose on the metabolism of adolescent rats. Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control group (GC), fructose group (GF) treated with 50 mg/kg of fructose, and sucralose group (GS) receiving 50 mg/kg of sucralose for 24 days. The weight and feed intake were measured weekly. At the end of the experiment, some biochemical parameters, histopathology of the liver and biodistribution of the radiotracer 99mTc-sodium phytate in liver and blood were analyzed. The GF showed higher body weight only in the first week compared with GS and GC (p<0.05). Histopathology and % ATI/g radiotracer 99mTc-sodium phytate in liver and blood were not different between the groups. The GF showed higher values of aspartate aminotransferase activity, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase activity and gamma glutamyl transferase activity, compared with the other groups (GC and GS) (p<0.05). Activity of alanine aminotransferase and albumin level of GF were higher than GS (p<0.05). For other parameters, no statistical difference was observed. It was concluded that the use of fructose during the experiment was able to alter hepatic enzymes, but on the other hands, the use of sucralose caused no change.Keywords: Sucralose, fructose, adolescent rats, radiopharmaceutica

The effect of glucantime™ on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m Efeito do glucantime™ na marcação de constituintes do sangue com tecnécio-99m

PURPOSE: The labeling of red blood cells (C) with 99mTc is employed in clinical nuclear medicine for a variety of diagnostic procedures. Drugs can alter this labeling method and modify the disposition of the radiopharmaceuticals. In this paper, the influence of glucantime on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc was reported. METHODS: Blood was withdrawn from rats and incubated with glucantime. Stannous chloride and 99mTc were added. After centrifugation, plasma (P) and (C) were isolated. Samples of P and C were precipitated with TCA 5%, centrifuged and insoluble (IF) and soluble fractions (SF) separated. The percentages of total activity injected (%ATI) in C, IF-P and IF-C were calculated (p<0.05). RESULTS: The %ATI on C decreased from control to following concentrations of glucantime (6.25%;12.5%;25%;50%;100%), respectively: 94.06&plusmn;1.29 (control) to 77.15&plusmn;2.79; to 76.68&plusmn;1.88; to 75.15&plusmn;2.79; to 72.64&plusmn;4.40 and to 63.05&plusmn;3.84. On IF-C the %ATI decreased from control to all the concentrations of glucantime (3.125%;6.25%;12.5%;25%;50%; 100%), respectively: 93.34&plusmn;1.18 (control) to 78.81&plusmn;2.76; to 74.76&plusmn;4.82; to 74.02&plusmn;5.32; to 64.35&plusmn;4.82; to 62.81&plusmn;1.97 and to 54.55&plusmn;3.58. CONCLUSIONS: This effect was probably due to products present in this drug that may complex with ions (Sn+2 and 99mTcO-4) or have a direct or indirect effect on intracellular stannous ion concentration.<br>OBJETIVO: A marcação de hemácias sangüíneas (C) com 99mTc é muito utilizada nos procedimentos diagnósticos na medicina nuclear. Drogas podem alterar este método de marcação e modificar a biodisponibilidade de radiofármacos. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a influência de glucantime na marcação de elementos sangüíneos com 99mTc. MÉTODOS: Sangue foi retirado de ratos e incubado com glucantime. Adicionou-se cloreto estanoso e 99mTc. Após centrifugação, plasma (P) e (C) foram isolados. Amostras de P e C foram precipitadas com TCA 5%, centrifugadas e separadas em frações solúveis (FS) e insolúveis (FI). Os percentuais de atividade total injetada (%ATI) em C, FI-P e FI-C foram calculados (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: O %ATI em C diminuiu, em relação ao controle, nas seguintes concentrações de glucantime (6,25%;12,5%;25%;50%;100%), respectivamente: 94,06&plusmn;1,29 (controle) para 77,15&plusmn;2,79; para 76,68&plusmn;1,88; para 75,15&plusmn;2,79; para 72,64&plusmn;4,40 e para 63,05&plusmn;3,84. Em FI-C, o %ATI diminuiu, em relação ao controle, em todas as concentrações de glucantime (3,125%;6,25%;12,5%;25%;50%; 100%), respectivamente: 93,34&plusmn;1,18 (controle) para 78,81&plusmn;2,76; para 74,76&plusmn;4,82; para 74,02&plusmn;5,32; para 64,35&plusmn;4,82; para 62,81&plusmn;1,97 e para 54,55&plusmn;3,58. CONCLUSÕES: Este efeito provavelmente foi devido a produtos presentes nesta droga que podem se complexar com íons (Sn+2 e 99mTcO-4) ou ter um efeito direto ou indireto na concentração intracelular do íon estanoso

Effect of antimalarial drugs on the bioavailability of the methylenediphosphonic acid labeled with technetium99m (99mTc-MDP) in Wistar rats

The aim of this work was to study the effect of antimalarial drugs on the bioavailability of 99mTc-MDP in rats. Mefloquine (MQ) and artemisinin (AM) were administered in two treated groups (T) and sorbitol in control group (C) for 7 days. Then, 99mTc-MDP was injected in all groups and %ATI was calculated. A significant increase of %ATI in MQ group, from C to T, occurred in spleen (0.35&plusmn;0.10to0.58&plusmn;0.13), liver (1.69&plusmn;0.28to3.31&plusmn;0.07) and blood (0.79&plusmn;0.17to2.09&plusmn;0.53). The %ATI increased significantly in AM group:femur (2.76&plusmn;0.59to5.98&plusmn;0.70), liver (1.69&plusmn;0.28to4.59&plusmn;0.68), lungs (0.29&plusmn;0.05to6.22&plusmn;0.86), spleen (0.35&plusmn;0.10 to0.86&plusmn;0.15) and blood (0.79&plusmn;0.17 to4.65 &plusmn;0.74). A significant decrease of %ATI occurred in MQ group:bladder (0.75&plusmn;0.07to0.26&plusmn;0.05), stout bowel (2.13&plusmn;0.34to0.66&plusmn;0.19), pancreas (0.87&plusmn;0.24to0.28&plusmn;0.18), kidneys (7.00&plusmn;1.52to3.46&plusmn;0.62), brain (0.27&plusmn;0.08to 0.05&plusmn;0.01) and also in AM group:bladder (0.75&plusmn;0.07to0.30&plusmn;0.05), stout bowel (2.13&plusmn;0.34to0.36&plusmn;0.08), muscle (2.04&plusmn;0.39to0.26&plusmn;0.06), pancreas (0.87&plusmn;0.24to0.46&plusmn;0.12) and kidneys (7.00&plusmn;1.52to4.35&plusmn;0.28). These results could be associated to biological effects of antimalarial drugs

Evaluation of the leishmanicide action of ethanol extracts of Crotalaria retusa L. (Fabaceae)

The purpose of the present work is to conduct an evaluation of the cytotoxicity of ethanol extracts and the total alkaloid fraction (TAF) from Crotalaria retusa for procyclic promastigotes cells of Leishmania chagasi. The kinetic study of extraction assisted by ultrasound of the total alkaloids present in Crotalaria retusa made it possible the optimization of the extraction parameters. It was evaluated the leishmanicide action of the TAF which did not show toxic activity for cells of the parasite in high concentrations. It was observed a powerful leishmanicide action of the ethanol extracts (10 and 30%) after the concentration of 5.6 mg/mL of Crotalaria retusa, and the ethanol present in the extractive solution (10 and 30%) in the concentration from 70 and 210 x 10-4 %, respectively. These results suggest that the cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract of Crotalaria retusa at 10 and 30% for cells of Leishmania chagasi, can be associated only to the concentration of the alcohol present in the extract

Effect of medicinal plants on the parasitemia of Trypanosoma cruzi and on the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4)

Artemisia vulgaris (AV) is an antihelmintic and antimalarial drug; Aloe vera(babosa) acts as antidiabetic, laxative and anti-inflammatory;Benznidazole (BZ) is a trypanocidal of Trypanosoma cruzi (TC). Technetium-99m (99mTc) has been used in nuclear medicine to obtain diagnostic images. This study evaluated the plant effects in TC parasitemia and on the biodistribution of 99mTc in mice. Twenty mice were infected by TC. At the peak of parasitemia, 5 mice received babosa; 5 received AV and 5 received BZ. The parasitemia was determined at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h of drugs administration. Five infected mice without drugs, 5 mice without TC and the group treated with AV, received 99mTc. The radioactivity was calculated. Infected mice that received babosa reduced significantly (p<0.05) the TC parasitemia. The percentage of activity per gram (%ATI/g) decreased significantly on the AV group. These results indicate that babosa possibly is an anti-TC drug and AV reduces the %ATI/g probably due to its biological effects

Effect of an extract of Aloe vera on the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) in rats Efeito de um extrato de Aloe vera na biodistribuição do pertecnetato de sódio (Na99mTcO4) em ratos

PURPOSE: Aloe vera is a tropical plant popularly known in Brazil as babosa. We have investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera on the biodistribution of Na99mTcO4 and laboratorial parameters in Wistar rats. METHODS: Twelve animals were divided into treated and control groups. In the treated group, Aloe vera was given by gavage (5mg/mL/day) during 10 days. The control group received sorbitol by the same way and period. One hour after the last dose, we injected 0.1mL of Na99mTcO4 by orbital plexus. After 60 min, all the animals were killed. Samples were harvested from the brain, liver, heart, muscle, pancreas, stomach, femur, kidneys, blood, testis and thyroid and the percentage of radioactivity (%ATI/g) was determined. Biochemical dosages were performed. RESULTS: There was a significant increase of %ATI/g in blood, femur, kidneys, liver, stomach, testis and thyroid and also in blood levels of AST and ALT. A significant decrease in levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and urea occurred. The statistical analyses were performed by Mann-Whitney test and T-Student test (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract of Aloe vera facilitated the uptake of Na99mTcO4 in organs of rats and it was responsible to a high increase of levels of AST and ALT.<br>OBJETIVO: Aloe vera é uma planta tropical popularmente conhecida no Brasil por "babosa". Investigou-se o efeito de extrato aquoso do A. vera na biodistribuição do pertecnetato de sódio (Na99mTcO4) e em parâmetros laboratoriais de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Doze animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: tratado e controle. No grupo tratado, o extrato de A. vera foi administrado via oral (5mg/mL/dia) por 10 dias. O grupo controle recebeu sorbitol do mesmo modo. Uma hora após a última dose, ambos receberam 0,1mL de Na99mTcO4 via plexo orbital. Após 60 minutos, os animais foram sacrificados. Foram retiradas amostras do cérebro, fígado, coração, músculo, pâncreas, estômago, fêmur, rins, sangue, testículos e tiróide e determinou-se o percentual de radioatividade por grama (%ATI/g) de cada uma. Dosagens bioquímicas foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: Houve um aumento significativo do %ATI/g no sangue, fêmur, rins, fígado, estômago, testículos e tiróide e nos níveis sanguíneos das enzimas AST e ALT. Ocorreu uma diminuição significativa dos níveis de glicose, colesterol, triglicérides, creatinina e uréia. Análises estatísticas foram feitas pelos testes de Mann-Whitney e T-student (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O extrato aquoso de A. vera facilitou a captação do Na99mTcO4 em órgãos de ratos e foi responsável pelo aumento dos níveis de AST e ALT