The effect of the timing of exposure to Campylobacter jejuni on the gut microbiome and inflammatory responses of broiler chickens

Background Campylobacters are an unwelcome member of the poultry gut microbiota in terms of food safety. The objective of this study was to compare the microbiota, inflammatory responses, and zootechnical parameters of broiler chickens not exposed to Campylobacter jejuni with those exposed either early at 6 days old or at the age commercial broiler chicken flocks are frequently observed to become colonized at 20 days old. Results Birds infected with Campylobacter at 20 days became cecal colonized within 2 days of exposure, whereas birds infected at 6 days of age did not show complete colonization of the sample cohort until 9 days post-infection. All birds sampled thereafter were colonized until the end of the study at 35 days (mean 6.1 log10 CFU per g of cecal contents). The cecal microbiota of birds infected with Campylobacter were significantly different to age-matched non-infected controls at 2 days post-infection but generally the composition of the cecal microbiota were more affected by bird age as the time post infection increased. The effects of Campylobacter colonization on the cecal microbiota were associated with reductions in the relative abundance of OTUs within the taxonomic family Lactobacillaceae and the Clostridium cluster XIVa. Specific members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families exhibit transient shifts in microbial community populations dependent upon the age at which the birds become colonized by C. jejuni. Analysis of ileal and cecal chemokine/cytokine gene expression revealed increases in IL-6, IL-17A and Il-17F consistent with a Th17 response but the persistence of the response was dependent on the stage/time of C. jejuni colonization that coincide with significant reductions in the abundance of Clostridium cluster XIVa. Conclusions This study combines microbiome data, cytokine/chemokine gene expression with intestinal villus and crypt measurements to compare chickens colonized early or late in the rearing cycle to provide insights into the process and outcomes of Campylobacter colonization. Early colonization results in a transient growth rate reduction and pro-inflammatory response but persistent modification of the cecal microbiota. Late colonization produces pro-inflammatory responses with changes in the cecal microbiota that will endure in market ready chickens

NADPH oxidase-derived H2O2 subverts pathogen signaling by oxidative phosphotyrosine conversion to PB-DOPA

Strengthening the host immune system to fully exploit its potential as antimicrobial defense is vital in countering antibiotic resistance. Chemical compounds released during bidirectional host–pathogen cross-talk, which follows a sensing-response paradigm, can serve as protective mediators. A potent, diffusible messenger is hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), but its consequences on extracellular pathogens are unknown. Here we show that H(2)O(2), released by the host on pathogen contact, subverts the tyrosine signaling network of a number of bacteria accustomed to low-oxygen environments. This defense mechanism uses heme-containing bacterial enzymes with peroxidase-like activity to facilitate phosphotyrosine (p-Tyr) oxidation. An intrabacterial reaction converts p-Tyr to protein-bound dopa (PB-DOPA) via a tyrosinyl radical intermediate, thereby altering antioxidant defense and inactivating enzymes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis and metabolism. Disruption of bacterial signaling by DOPA modification reveals an infection containment strategy that weakens bacterial fitness and could be a blueprint for antivirulence approaches

Vagus nerve stimulator implantation for epilepsy in a paediatric hospital: outcomes and effect on quality of life

Introduction: Epilepsy, which is present in 0.5–1% of the paediatric population, is one of the most frequent childhood neurological disorders. Approximately 20% to 30% of these cases will be drug-resistant. The objective of this study is to describe the impact of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) on seizures and quality of life in a sample of 30 patients. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective study of all patients with a VNS device implanted between 2008 and 2013 in a single paediatric hospital, based on patients’ medical records. Quality of life was assessed using the Spanish scale for quality of life in children with epilepsy, completed by means of a telephone interview. Results: We describe a population of 19 boys (64%) and 11 girls (36%) with a mean age at seizure onset of 21 months (1–144 months). The mean age of VNS implantation was 11.89 years. Follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 36 months. Mean reduction in seizures at 6 months was 38%, with a reduction of 43% at 12 months, 42% at 24 months, and 54% at 36 months. At least half of all patients were classified as responders. According to the quality of life scale, 54% of the families rated the effect of VNS as either very good or good while 39% rated it as fair. Conclusions: VNS is a safe palliative treatment that is generally well tolerated. It is partially effective for controlling drug-resistant epilepsy and exerts a positive effect on quality of life. Resumen: Introducción: La epilepsia es uno de los trastornos neurológicos más frecuentes de la infancia, presentándose en un 0,5–1%. Aproximadamente un 20–30% de los pacientes son farmacorresistentes. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir en 30 pacientes el impacto sobre las crisis y la calidad de vida del estimulador del nervio vago (ENV). Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, mediante revisión de las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes a quienes se les colocó el ENV entre el 2008 y 2013 en nuestro centro. La calidad de vida fue valorada mediante la escala de calidad de vida en el niño con epilepsia (CAVE), obtenida por medio de una entrevista telefónica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 niños (64%) y 11 niñas (36%) con una mediana de comienzo de las crisis de 21 meses (1–144 meses). La edad promedio de colocación del ENV fue de 11,89 años. El tiempo de seguimiento fue de 6–36 meses. A los 6 meses la reducción de las crisis en promedio fue del 38%, a los 12 meses del 43%, a los 24 meses del 42% y a los 36 meses del 54%. De todos los pacientes evaluados al menos un 50% se catalogaron como respondedores. Según la CAVE un 54% de las familias encontró el efecto del ENV como bueno o muy bueno y un 39% como regular. Conclusiones: El ENV es un tratamiento paliativo, generalmente bien tolerado, parcialmente efectivo para el control de la epilepsia refractaria en pediatría y con repercusiones positivas sobre la calidad de vida. Keywords: Drug-resistant epilepsy, Epilepsy treatment, Vagal nerve stimulator, Quality of life in children with epilepsy scale, Palabras clave: Epilepsia refractaria, Tratamiento de epilepsia refractaria, Estimulador nervio vago, Escala de calidad de vida en el niño con epilepsi

Resultados de la colocación del estimulador del nervio vago en epilepsia y calidad de vida en un hospital pediátrico

Resumen: Introducción: La epilepsia es uno de los trastornos neurológicos más frecuentes de la infancia, presentándose en un 0,5-1%. Aproximadamente un 20-30% de los pacientes son farmacorresistentes. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir en 30 pacientes el impacto sobre las crisis y la calidad de vida del estimulador del nervio vago (ENV). Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, mediante revisión de las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes a quienes se les colocó el ENV entre el 2008 y 2013 en nuestro centro. La calidad de vida fue valorada mediante la escala de calidad de vida en el niño con epilepsia (CAVE), obtenida por medio de una entrevista telefónica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 niños (64%) y 11 niñas (36%) con una mediana de comienzo de las crisis de 21 meses (1-144 meses). La edad promedio de colocación del ENV fue de 11,89 años. El tiempo de seguimiento fue de 6-36 meses. A los 6 meses la reducción de las crisis en promedio fue del 38%, a los 12 meses del 43%, a los 24 meses del 42% y a los 36 meses del 54%. De todos los pacientes evaluados al menos un 50% se catalogaron como respondedores. Según la CAVE un 54% de las familias encontró el efecto del ENV como bueno o muy bueno y un 39% como regular. Conclusiones: El ENV es un tratamiento paliativo, generalmente bien tolerado, parcialmente efectivo para el control de la epilepsia refractaria en pediatría y con repercusiones positivas sobre la calidad de vida. Abstract: Introduction: Epilepsy, which is present in 0.5% to 1% of the paediatric population, is one of the most frequent childhood neurological disorders. Approximately 20% to 30% of these cases will be drug-resistant. The objective of this study is to describe the impact of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) on seizures and quality of life in a sample of 30 patients. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective study of all patients with a VNS device implanted between 2008 and 2013 in a single paediatric hospital, based on patients’ medical records. Quality of life was assessed using the Spanish scale for quality of life in children with epilepsy, completed by means of a telephone interview. Results: We describe a population of 19 boys (64%) and 11 girls (36%) with a mean age at seizure onset of 21 months (1-144 months). The mean age of VNS implantation was 11.89 years. Follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 36 months. Mean reduction in seizures at 6 months was 38%, with a reduction of 43% at 12 months, 42% at 24 months, and 54% at 36 months. At least half of all patients were classified as responders. According to the quality of life scale, 54% of the families rated the effect of VNS as either very good or good while 39% rated it as fair. Conclusions: VNS is a safe palliative treatment that is generally well tolerated. It is partially effective for controlling drug-resistant epilepsy and exerts a positive effect on quality of life. Palabras clave: Epilepsia refractaria, Tratamiento de epilepsia refractaria, Estimulador nervio vago, Escala de calidad de vida en el niño con epilepsia, Keywords: Drug-resistant epilepsy, Epilepsy treatment, Vagal nerve stimulator, Quality of life in children with epilepsy scal

The In Vitro and In Vivo Effect of Carvacrol in Preventing Campylobacter Infection, Colonization and in Improving Productivity of Chicken Broilers

Publication history: Accepted - 27 February 2017; Published online - 1 June 2017.The current trend in reducing the antibiotic usage in animal production imposes urgency in the identification of novel biocides. The essential oil carvacrol, for example, changes the morphology of the cell and acts against a variety of targets within the bacterial membranes and cytoplasm, and our in vitro results show that it reduces adhesion and invasion of chicken intestinal primary cells and also biofilm formation. A trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of carvacrol at four concentrations (0, 120, 200, and 300 mg/kg of diet) on the performance of Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., and broilers. Each of the four diets was fed to three replicates/trial of 50 chicks each from day 0 to 35. Our results show that carvacrol linearly decreased feed intake, feed conversion rates and increased body weight at all levels of supplementation. Plate count analysis showed that Campylobacter spp. was only detected at 35 days in the treatment groups compared with the control group where the colonization occurred at 21 days. The absence of Campylobacter spp. at 21 days in the treatment groups was associated with a significant increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. Also, carvacrol was demonstrated to have a significant effect on E. coli numbers in the cecum of the treatment groups, at all supplementation levels. In conclusion, this study shows for the first time that at different concentrations, carvacrol can delay Campylobacter spp., colonization of chicken broilers, by inducing changes in gut microflora, and it demonstrates promise as an alternative to the use of antibiotics