Systemic Manifestations, Tooth Eruption and Enamel Defects in Children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome: 36-Month Follow-up Case Series

Objective: To describe systemic manifestations, the characteristics related to tooth eruption, and the occurrence of enamel defects in children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome (CZS). Material and Methods: Prospective case series based on nine children with confirmed CZS diagnosis assisted at a reference center in a municipality in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Through a structured interview directed to mothers, information related to prenatal, delivery, and postpartum periods was collected. Tooth eruption was monitored through clinical examinations for 36 months. The modified developmental defect of enamel index (DDE) was used to identify opacities and hypoplasia. Data were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: A high proportion (77.8%) had microcephaly, and 55.5% had low birth weight. Musculoskeletal disorders, swallowing difficulty, and self-injury practices were present in all children. Among the systemic findings, visual impairment (77.8%) and seizures (77.8%) were widely reported. Concerning disorders related to the stomatognathic system, bruxism (66.7%) and difficulty in sucking (33.3%) were present. For most children (77.8%), the deciduous right lower central incisor was the first tooth to erupt (minimum 8 months and maximum 17 months). Enamel defects were diagnosed in only two children (22.2%). Conclusion: A wide range of systemic manifestations was observed in children with CZS, including visual impairment and musculoskeletal disorders. Delayed eruption of the first deciduous tooth was also observed. Enamel defects were present in a small proportion of children

Epidemiological and Spatial Characteristics of Interpersonal Physical Violence in a Brazilian City: A Comparative Study of Violent Injury Hotspots in Familial Versus Non-Familial Settings, 2012-2014

This study explores both epidemiological and spatial characteristics of domestic and communityinterpersonal violence. We evaluated three years of violent trauma data in themedium-sized city of Campina Grande in North-Eastern Brazil. 3559 medical and police recordswere analysed and 2563 cases were included to identify socioeconomic and geographicpatterns. The associations between sociodemographic, temporal, and incidentcharacteristics and domestic violence were evaluated using logistic regression. Using GeographicalInformation Systems (GIS), we mapped victims’ household addresses to identifyspatial patterns. We observed a higher incidence of domestic violence among female,divorced, or co-habitant persons when the violent event was perpetrated by males. Therewas only a minor chance of occurrence of domestic violence involving firearms. 8 out of 10victims of domestic violence were women and the female/male ratio was 3.3 times greaterthan that of community violence (violence not occurring in the home). Unmarried coupleswere twice as likely to have a victim in the family unit (OR = 2.03), compared to married couples.Seven geographical hotspots were identified. The greatest density of hotspots wasfound in the East side of the study area and was spatially coincident with the lowest averagefamily income. Aggressor sex, marital status, and mechanism of injury were most associatedwith domestic violence, and low-income neighbourhoods were coincident with bothdomestic and non-domestic violence hotspots. These results provide further evidence thateconomic poverty may play a significant role in interpersonal, and particularly domesticviolence

Perda precoce de molares permanentes e fatores associados em escolares de 9, 12 e 15 anos da rede pública municipal de Campina Grande, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil = Early loss of permanent molars and associated factors in schoolchildren aged 9, 12 and 15 years attending public schools in Campina Grande, Paraíba State, Brazil

Este estudo avaliou a perda precoce de molares permanentes em escolares da rede pública de Campina Grande, Estado da Paraíba, com idades de nove, 12 e 15 anos. A amostra compreendeu 873 escolares, aleatoriamente selecionados. O instrumento de coleta consistiu de um questionário e de uma ficha clínica. As variáveis do estudo compreenderam os aspectos relativos à perda dentária (tipo de elemento dental, localização na arcada dentária e a região do arco), à prevenção e à autopercepção em saúde bucal. A análise estatística compreendeu a distribuição de frequências e os testes do Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher. Os resultados revelaram a prevalência de 17,2% de perda dentária, sem diferenças entre os sexos, frequência de escovação e palestra educativa (p > 0,05). Os elementos dentários 36 (42,5%) e 46 (33,9%) foram os mais frequentemente perdidos. Observou-se a associação positiva entre perda dentária e as variáveis idade, visita ao cirurgião-dentista (OR = 2,19; IC95%: 1,35-3,59), satisfação com o sorriso (OR = 0,40; IC95%: 0,24-0,65) e a dificuldade na mastigação (OR = 2,16; IC95%: 1,48- 3,16). Conclui-se que a prevalência da perda precoce de molares permanentes foi elevada, sendo necessária a imediata adoção de ações curativas a fim de reduzir a perda precoce desses elementos dentários.<br><br>This study evaluate the early loss of permanent molars in schoolchildren aged 9, 12 and 15 years attending public schools in the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba State, Brazil. The sample was composed of 873 randomly selected schoolchildren. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire and a clinical chart. The following variables were analyzed: tooth loss (tooth type, localization in the dental arch and region of the arch), prevention and selfperception of oral health. The statistical analysis was done by frequency distribution and the chisquare and fisher’s exact tests were used. The results showed a prevalence of 17.2% of tooth losswithout differences between genders, toothbrushing frequency and attendance to educational lectures (p > 0.05). Teeth 36 (42.5%) and 46 (33.9%) were the most frequently lost. There was association between tooth loss and age, visit to the dentist (OR = 2.19, CI95% = 1.35-3.59), satisfaction with the smile (OR = 0.40, CI95% = 0.24-0.65) and chewing difficulty (OR = 2.16, IC95%: 1.48-3.16). It may be concluded that the prevalence of early loss of permanent molarswas high. It is therefore necessary to adopt immediate curative actions to reduce early tooth loss