Adhering to medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children

Despite the availability of well-established psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), it remains a disorder with substantial impact on public health and individual families. Though the rate of adherence to ADHD medication is similar to that of other pediatric chronic conditions, research with this population is more limited. The current study explored the hypothesis that recognition by caregivers of child functional impairment, and caregiver perception of the doctor's medication recommendation as "hasty" would account for statistically significant variance in adherence to ADHD medication. Fourteen caregivers of children between the ages of 6 and 12 years diagnosed with ADHD and prescribed an index medication within 6 months of recruitment participated in the current study. Measures included medication recommendation visual analog scale, Southampton ADHD Medication Behaviour and Attitudes Scale, Stimulant Adherence Measure, Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale, and pharmacy data (i.e., medication possession ratios [MPR]). We found significant correlations between adherence (i.e., MPR) and the following: number of days included in the MPR, τ = - .41, p (one-tailed) = .05, percent of children at Title 1 school considered low-income, τ = - .50, p (two-tailed) = .07, and highest grade-level completed by participant being greater than high school, τ = - .41, p (two-tailed) = .10. While the hypothesis was not supported, the relationships were in the hypothesized direction and warrant further investigation with a larger sample size. Clinicians who wish to improve adherence to ADHD medication in children may do so by working toward improving interactions between physician and caregivers (e.g., increasing shared decision-making between physician and caregivers)

Fine Structure in the Circumstellar Environment of a Young, Solar-like Star: the Unique Eclipses of KH 15D

Results of an international campaign to photometrically monitor the unique pre-main sequence eclipsing object KH 15D are reported. An updated ephemeris for the eclipse is derived that incorporates a slightly revised period of 48.36 d. There is some evidence that the orbital period is actually twice that value, with two eclipses occurring per cycle. The extraordinary depth (~3.5 mag) and duration (~18 days) of the eclipse indicate that it is caused by circumstellar matter, presumably the inner portion of a disk. The eclipse has continued to lengthen with time and the central brightness reversals are not as extreme as they once were. V-R and V-I colors indicate that the system is slightly bluer near minimum light. Ingress and egress are remarkably well modeled by the passage of a knife-edge across a limb-darkened star. Possible models for the system are briefly discussed.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figure

Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals Transcriptional Changes and Clonal Architecture associated with Post-Transplant Relapse in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

"Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignancy characterized by overproduction of myeloid precursors at the expense of more differentiated, functional hematopoietic cells, resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. Despite initial sensitivity to chemotherapy, a majority of patients with AML ultimately relapse. Among the challenges associated with relapse, post-allogeneic stem cell transplant relapse is particularly intractable because of our relative lack of understanding - and thus lack of effective treatment options - of the underlying mechanisms."--IntroductionZiheng Xu (1), Christopher A. Miller (2, 3), Sridhar N. Srivatsan (2), Catrina C. Fronick (3), Robert S. Fulton (3), Timothy J. Ley (2, 3, 4), and Allegra A. Petti (2, 3) ; 1. Washington University School of Medicine. 2. Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine. 3. McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine. 4. Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine.Includes bibliographical reference

Sequence analysis in Bos taurus reveals pervasiveness of X–Y arms races in mammalian lineages

Studies of Y Chromosome evolution have focused primarily on gene decay, a consequence of suppression of crossing-over with the X Chromosome. Here, we provide evidence that suppression of X-Y crossing-over unleashed a second dynamic: selfish X-Y arms races that reshaped the sex chromosomes in mammals as different as cattle, mice, and men. Using super-resolution sequencing, we explore the Y Chromosome o

Factors associated with positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass system implantation

Objectives The aims of this study were to report the postoperative incidence of subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB)-associated bacteriuria and risk factors in a large population of UK cats, to identify the commonly implicated isolates in these cases and to report associations of positive postoperative urine cultures with device occlusion or a need for further surgery. Methods Electronic clinical records were reviewed to identify cats with ureteral obstruction that underwent unilateral or bilateral SUB implantation between September 2011 and September 2019. In total, 118 client-owned cats were included in the study population. Information recorded included signalment, history, surgical and biochemical factors, urinalysis and culture results. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify variables associated with a positive postoperative culture. Results In total, 10 cats (8.5%) had a positive postoperative culture within 1 month postsurgery and 28 cats (23.7%) within 1 year postsurgery. Cats with a positive preoperative culture were significantly more likely to have a positive culture within 6 months postoperatively (odds ratio [OR] 4.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–14.18; P = 0.026). Of the 14 cats with a positive preoperative culture, six (42.9%) returned a positive culture within 1 year postoperatively, and in four cases (66.7%) the same isolate was identified. Cats with a higher end-anaesthetic rectal temperature were significantly less likely to return a positive culture within 3 months (OR 0.398, 95% CI 0.205–0.772; P = 0.006) postsurgery. Cats culturing positive for Escherichia coli at any time point (OR 4.542, 95% CI 1.485–13.89; P = 0.008) were significantly more likely to have their implant removed or replaced. Conclusions and relevance Perioperative hypothermia and preoperative positive culture were independent predictors of a postoperative positive culture and this should be taken into consideration when managing these cases. Positive postoperative culture rates were higher than have previously been reported