The long-term impact of COVID-19 on student mental health

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictions placed upon society have had a profound impact on both physical and mental health, particularly for young people. The current study assesses student mental health pre, within and post COVID. Method: Eight hundred and fourteen first year undergraduate students completed a battery of self-report questionnaires to assess for depression, mobile phone use, self-esteem, resilience and social support with data being collected over a three-year period. The data from each year was compared (216, 218 and 380 students respectively). Findings: Statistical analysis revealed that COVID-19 had a significant impact on self-reported levels of depression, smartphone use, self-esteem, resilience and social support. Multiple regression analysis revealed that smart phone use and resilience were significant predictors of levels of depression. Discussion and Conclusion: Overall, we found far higher-than-expected mental health problems within the student cohort. These findings are discussed in relation to potential interventions. The findings suggest that COVID-19 has had a major impact upon student mental health, and that we have not yet seen a recovery within our new ‘post-COVID’ times. Take home message: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a long-term impact not only on student mental health and self-esteem, but importantly on levels of student resilience, making them vulnerable to the impact of any further stress invoking events.</p

Assessing the mindfulness predictors of mental health:does mindfulness practise or dispositional mindfulness better protect young peoples’ mental health?

Background: University is an important time in a young person's life. Although it is a time of exploration, self-discovery and socialising, it is also a time of increased vulnerability to mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. Studies have shown that engagement in mindfulness activities can have a positive effect on mental health. However, research is limited in its scope in particular in relation to stressful (transitional) periods of life.Methods: The current study aims to address this issue by providing evidence on the predictive impact of both mindfulness practice and ‘dispositional' (or trait) mindfulness on students’ mental health. In total, we gathered data from 190 first-year students.Results: A multiple regression was utilised for data analysis. This showed that ‘dispositional’ mindfulness, but not mindful activity had a significant impact on mental health scores.Conclusion: This provides data for future research into the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions for student adaptation to university and potential interventions.</p

The impact of gender and ethnic background on physical and mental health in a post-pandemic student cohort in the UK

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profoundly negative impact on the population's mental health, which was most severe on young people, particularly those students studying at University. This study examines the effects of gender, age, ethnic background, physical exercise, and smartphone use on the psychological well-being of UK students in a post-pandemic setting.Methods: A cross-sectional study design was utilized. The study was conducted online, with participants studying at a Higher Education Institution within the UK. The current study sampled seven hundred and ninety-eight undergraduate students. Data was gathered through a series of anonymous questionnaires administered online. Results: We found that gender significantly impacted mental health, levels of physical exercise, and mobile phone use. Further analysis demonstrated that age, amount of exercise, and mobile phone use were significant predictors of depression, and mobile phone use was a significant predictor of anxiety. Discussion and Conclusion: Overall, we found far higher-than-expected mental health problems within the student cohort. These findings are discussed concerning potential interventions. Take-home message: A high proportion of university students post-COVID-19 are above thresholds for clinical depression and anxiety. Age, physical exercise, and mobile phone use are significant predictors of depression

Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on mental health in a UK student sample

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictions placed upon society have had a profound impact on both physical and mental health, particularly for young people. AIMS: The current study assesses the impact of COVID-19 on student mental health. METHOD: Four hundred and thirty four first year Undergraduate students completed a battery of self-report questionnaires (PHQ-P, GAD-7 and SAS-SV) to assess for depression, anxiety and mobile phone addiction respectively with data being collected over a 2 year period. The data from each year was compared (216 and 218 students respectively). RESULTS: A MANOVA revealed that COVID-19 had a significant impact on self-reported levels of depression, anxiety and smartphone addiction—which all significantly increased from the 2020 to the 2021 group. The percentage of students who had a score which warranted a classification of clinical depression increased from 30 to 44%, and for anxiety increased from 22 to 27%—those students who showed a comorbidity across the two rose from 12 to 21%. Smartphone addiction levels rose from 39 to 50%. Correlational analysis showed a significant relationship between Smartphone usage and depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: This research suggests that COVID-19 has had a major impact upon student mental health, and smartphone addiction. The importance of identifying predictive factors of depression and anxiety is emphasised, and suggestions for intervention are discussed

Effects of 7.5% carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation and ethnicity on face memory

AbstractThe ability to accurately verify facial identity has important forensic implications, but this ability is fallible. Research suggests that anxiety at the time of encoding can impair subsequent recall, but no studies have investigated the effects of anxiety at the time of recall in an experimental paradigm. This study addresses this gap using the carbon dioxide (CO2) model of anxiety induction. Thirty participants completed two inhalations: one of 7.5% CO2-enriched air and one of medical air (i.e., placebo). Prior to each inhalation, participants were presented with 16 facial images (50% own-ethnicity, 50% other-ethnicity). During the inhalation they were required to identify which faces had been seen before from a set of 32 images (16 seen-before and 16 novel images). Identification accuracy was lower during CO2 inhalation compared to air (F[1,29]=5.5, p=.026, ηp2=.16), and false alarm rate was higher for other-ethnicity faces compared to own-ethnicity faces (F[1,29]=11.3, p=.002, ηp2=.28). There was no evidence of gas by ethnicity interactions for accuracy or false alarms (ps>.34). Ratings of decision confidence did not differ by gas condition, suggesting that participants were unaware of differences in performance. These findings suggest that anxiety, at the point of recognition, impairs facial identification accuracy. This has substantial implications for eyewitness memory situations, and suggests that efforts should be made to attenuate the anxiety in these situations in order to improve the validity of identification

Abundant phosphorus expected for possible life in Enceladus’s ocean

Saturn’s moon Enceladus has a potentially habitable subsurface water ocean that contains canonical building blocks of life (organic and inorganic carbon, ammonia, possibly hydrogen sulfide) and chemical energy (disequilibria for methanogenesis). However, its habitability could be strongly affected by the unknown availability of phosphorus (P). Here, we perform thermodynamic and kinetic modeling that simulates P geochemistry based on recent insights into the geochemistry of the ocean–seafloor system on Enceladus. We find that aqueous P should predominantly exist as orthophosphate (e.g., HPO42−), and total dissolved inorganic P could reach 10−7 to 10−2 mol/kg H2O, generally increasing with lower pH and higher dissolved CO2, but also depending upon dissolved ammonia and silica. Levels are much higher than <10−10 mol/kg H2O from previous estimates and close to or higher than ∼10−6 mol/kg H2O in modern Earth seawater. The high P concentration is primarily ascribed to a high (bi)carbonate concentration, which decreases the concentrations of multivalent cations via carbonate mineral formation, allowing phosphate to accumulate. Kinetic modeling of phosphate mineral dissolution suggests that geologically rapid release of P from seafloor weathering of a chondritic rocky core could supply millimoles of total dissolved P per kilogram of H2O within 105 y, much less than the likely age of Enceladus’s ocean (108 to 109 y). These results provide further evidence of habitable ocean conditions and show that any oceanic life would not be inhibited by low P availability

State anxiety and information processing:A 7.5% carbon dioxide challenge study

We used the 7.5% carbon dioxide model of anxiety induction to investigate the effects of state anxiety on simple information processing. In both high- and low-anxious states, participants (n = 36) completed an auditory–visual matching task and a visual binary categorization task. The stimuli were either degraded or clear, so as to investigate whether the effects of anxiety are greater when signal clarity is compromised. Accuracy in the matching task was lower during CO2 inhalation and for degraded stimuli. In the categorization task, response times and indecision (measured using mouse trajectories) were greater during CO2 inhalation and for degraded stimuli. For most measures, we found no evidence of Gas × Clarity interactions. These data indicate that state anxiety negatively impacts simple information processing and do not support claims that anxiety may benefit performance in low-cognitively-demanding tasks. These findings have important implications for understanding the impact of state anxiety in real-world situations