Малий бізнес в Україні: окремі аспекти сучасного стану та проблеми подальшого розвитку

У статті розглянуто деякі аспекти сучасного стану підприємництва в Україні у порівнянні з розвинутими країнами світу; визначені актуальні проблеми подальшого розвитку малого бізнесу, його роль і потенційні можливості у подоланні кризових явищ в економіці держави; окреслена необхідність істотного покращення державної регуляторної політики у сфері підприємництва, нагальні потреби підвищення якості управління бізнесовими структурами.In the article main aspects of current state of entrepreneurship in Ukraine are reviewed in comparison with developed countries, problems of small and medium business further development and it’s role and potential ability in overcoming crisis event in country economy are determined, necessity of substantial improvement of government regulation politic and also emergency need of business structures management quality improvement are presented

Effect of RNase treatment on FISH and on correlation between FISH and MLPA.

<p>(a) RNase pretreatment resulted in a higher fraction of tumor cells showing point-shaped FISH signals, by eliminating eye catching fuzzy clusters of ESR1 signals seen by standard FISH (b) MLPA copy number ratios in FISH “not increased”, gained and amplified samples without and with RNase treatment.</p

Retrospective review of 11 discordant cases.

<p>Abbreviations: A, amplification; Eq, Equivocal; hg, heterogeneous; NA, no amplification; na, not assessable; nt, not tested.</p>a<p>Amplification status would not have been determined properly when applying the ASCO/CAP protocol.</p>b<p>True discordant cases.</p

Representative images of 2 discordant cases (B2 and A1).

<p>Upper left: IHC of case B2 scored as 3+. Upper right: no amplification with CISH in case B2. Lower left: IHC of case A1 scored as 1+. Lower right: amplification with CISH in case A1. IHC images: 10x magnification. CISH images: 40x magnification.</p

HER-2 co-testing protocol.

<p>IHC was performed on every case of invasive breast cancer. 129/230 cases with IHC score 0, 361/409 IHC 1+ cases, all 189 IHC 2+ cases and 105/110 IHC 3+ cases were tested by either MLPA, CISH or both. MLPA was performed in 758 cases and reflex CISH was performed in 86/96 cases with an equivocal MLPA result, a technical problem or a discordant result from IHC. The remaining 10/96 cases did not undergo reflex CISH either due to an insufficient amount of tumor tissue or an unknown reason. Furthermore, in 16 cases, CISH was performed beyond the protocol. Finally, CISH was performed instead of MLPA in 26 cases (4 were immunohistochemically heterogeneous, in 4 cases invasive tumor could not be physically separated from DCIS, in 12 cases tumor cell percentage was low, in 3 cases no MLPA was requested accidentally and in 3 cases the reason why no MLPA was performed could not be elucidated).</p

Concordance between MLPA/CISH and IHC in the validation study on 99 invasive breast cancer cases.

<p>Abbreviations: na, not assessable.</p>a<p>6/53 (11.3%) lacked amplification by CISH following an equivocal or na MLPA result.</p>b<p>5/24 (20.8%) lacked amplification by CISH following an equivocal or na MLPA result.</p

Comparison of HER-2 IHC scoring percentages between 4 Dutch pathology laboratories.

*<p>statistically significant (p < 0.05).</p

Concordance between MLPA and CISH in the validation study on 99 invasive breast cancer cases.

<p>Concordance between MLPA and CISH in the validation study on 99 invasive breast cancer cases.</p

<i>APOBEC3B</i> mRNA expression differences between primary breast tumors and paired metastases.

<p><i>(A) APOBEC3B</i> mRNA expression in primary breast tumors versus paired loco-regional and distant metastases. <i>(B) APOBEC3B</i> mRNA expression in primary breast tumors versus paired metastases, subdivided per location of metastasis (ovary (N = 4); liver (N = 6); bone (N = 4); brain (N = 14); lung (N = 5) and gastro-intestinal tract (N = 3). <i>(C) APOBEC3B</i> mRNA expression in <i>ESR1</i>-positive primary breast tumors versus paired distant and loco-regional metastases. <i>(D) APOBEC3B</i> mRNA expression in <i>ESR1</i>-negative primary breast tumors versus paired distant and loco-regional metastases. P-values obtained by paired Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test (2-tailed).</p

Association of <i>APOBEC3B</i> mRNA in matched primary tumors and their metastasis according metastatic site.

<p>Association of <i>APOBEC3B</i> mRNA in matched primary tumors and their metastasis according metastatic site.</p