Étude typo-chronologique et stylistique des boucles d'oreilles en or de Macédoine : de l'époque archaïque à la fin de la période hellénistique

Jusqu’à présent, il n’existe aucun répertoire dédié exclusivement aux boucles d’oreilles macédoniennes et encore moins à celles uniquement en or. Ce mémoire veut remédier à cette pénurie en recensant, sous forme de catalogue, les boucles d'oreilles macédoniennes en or et en dégageant les tendances stylistiques de ces dernières à travers les périodes archaïque, classique et hellénistique. L’élaboration d’un catalogue aura été possible grâce à l’expertise de Vokotopoulou (Sindos), Ninou, Jackson, Despoinē, Grammenos, Kypraiou, Amandry et Descamps-Lequime sur les bijoux antiques. Leur analyse typologique et leur souci d’intégrer des exemplaires jusqu’alors non publiés auront certainement inspiré la forme de ce catalogue. Il conviendra d’abord d’y présenter une section portant sur les orfèvres et leur atelier d'orfèvrerie, les présentant comme des artisans mobiles dont le travail est généralement contractuel. Ces orfèvres pouvaient être indépendants de leur clientèle, tels des travailleurs autonomes, mais pouvaient à l’occasion être engagés par l’élite macédonienne pour confectionner des bijoux plus personnalisés et donc plus cher. Ensuite, nous présenterons un volet sur les techniques d’orfèvrerie afin de comprendre les termes techniques du domaine et apprécier adéquatement les niveaux de détails des boucles d’oreilles. Parmi les 147 paires de boucles d’oreilles recensées, nous avons déterminé 23 types dont 32 variantes se trouvent à travers 10 de ces types. Les types les plus dominants s'avèrent être les boucles d’oreilles «lion», les «bandes macédoniennes», les boucles d'oreilles «oméga» et les boucles d’oreilles «Éros». Ce contenu fut soumis à des analyses morphologiques, stylistiques, technologiques et même iconographiques pour certains exemplaires. Dans certains cas, il fut difficile de localiser le lieu exact de découverte en Macédoine alors que dans d’autres cas, le peu d’exemplaires d’un même type rend difficile l’interprétation de la représentation et son évolution stylistique.Until now, there are no exclusive repertoires of Macedonian earrings, especially those crafted out of gold. Thus, this thesis is meant to be the first to list the golden Macedonian earrings and their stylistic tendencies that emerged through the archaic, classical and hellenistic periods. The main inventories of jewellery established by Vokotopoulou (Sindos), Ninou, Jackson, Despoinē, Grammenos, Kypraiou, Amandry and Descamps-Lequime have certainly made this study possible due to their expertise on antique jewelry and by their concern to integrate unpublished artefacts. Inspired by these publications, a catalog based on typological analyses was established. Firstly, a section on goldsmiths and their workshops presents them as wandering craftsmen whose work is generally contractual. These goldsmiths could be at the same time independent of their clientele, such as self-employed and temporarily serving higher social castes to craft expensive and personalized jewellery. Finally, an extensive chapter on ancient goldsmithing techniques was unavoidable so that the reader can understand the technical terms of the domain and adequately visualize the levels of detail of the earrings. Out of the 147 pairs of earrings that have been identified, there are 23 distinct types of which 32 variants are found in 10 of these types. The most dominant types are lion earrings, Macedonian bands, omega earrings and Eros earrings. This content was subjected to morphological, stylistic, technological and even iconographic analyses for some. Certain of the attested types were confronted to an origin problem in Macedonia while others revealed an eminent lack of examples making both representation and stylistic evolution interpretation difficult

Using green fluorescent malaria parasites to screen for permissive vector mosquitoes

BACKGROUND: The Plasmodium species that infect rodents, particularly Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii, are useful to investigate host-parasite interactions. The mosquito species that act as vectors of human plasmodia in South East Asia, Africa and South America show different susceptibilities to infection by rodent Plasmodium species. P. berghei and P. yoelii infect both Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi, which are found mainly in Africa and Asia, respectively. However, it was reported that P. yoelii can infect the South American mosquito, Anopheles albimanus, while P. berghei cannot. METHODS: P. berghei lines that express the green fluorescent protein were used to screen for mosquitoes that are susceptible to infection by P. berghei. Live mosquitoes were examined and screened for the presence of a fluorescent signal in the abdomen. Infected mosquitoes were then examined by time-lapse microscopy to reveal the dynamic behaviour of sporozoites in haemolymph and extracted salivary glands. RESULTS: A single fluorescent oocyst can be detected in live mosquitoes and P. berghei can infect A. albimanus. As in other mosquitoes, P. berghei sporozoites can float through the haemolymph and invade A. albimanus salivary glands and they are infectious in mice after subcutaneous injection. CONCLUSION: Fluorescent Plasmodium parasites can be used to rapidly screen susceptible mosquitoes. These results open the way to develop a laboratory model in countries where importation of A. gambiae and A. stephensi is not allowed

Site-Specific Integration and Expression of an Anti-Malarial Gene in Transgenic Anopheles gambiae Significantly Reduces Plasmodium Infections

Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes have a devastating impact on global health and this is worsening due to difficulties with existing control measures and climate change. Genetically modified mosquitoes that are refractory to disease transmission are seen as having great potential in the delivery of novel control strategies. Historically the genetic modification of insects has relied upon transposable elements which have many limitations despite their successful use. To circumvent these limitations the Streptomyces phage phiC31 integrase system has been successfully adapted for site-specific transgene integration in insects. Here, we present the first site-specific transformation of Anopheles gambiae, the principal vector of human malaria. Mosquitoes were initially engineered to incorporate the phiC31 targeting site at a defined genomic location. A second phase of genetic modification then achieved site-specific integration of Vida3, a synthetic anti-malarial gene. Expression of Vida3, specifically in the midgut of bloodfed females, offered consistent and significant protection against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis, reducing average parasite intensity by 85%. Similar protection was observed against Plasmodium falciparum in some experiments, although protection was inconsistent. In the fight against malaria, it is imperative to establish a broad repertoire of both anti-malarial effector genes and tissue-specific promoters for their expression, enabling those offering maximum effect with minimum fitness cost to be identified. In the future, this technology will allow effective comparisons and informed choices to be made, potentially leading to complete transmission blockade

Malaria and obesity: obese mice are resistant to cerebral malaria

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Anopheles Gambiae PRS1 Modulates Plasmodium Development at Both Midgut and Salivary Gland Steps

Background: Invasion of the mosquito salivary glands by Plasmodium is a critical step for malaria transmission. From a SAGE analysis, we previously identified several genes whose expression in salivary glands was regulated coincident with sporozoite invasion of salivary glands. To get insights into the consequences of these salivary gland responses, here we have studied one of the genes, PRS1 (Plasmodium responsive salivary 1), whose expression was upregulated in infected glands, using immunolocalization and functional inactivation approaches. Methodology/Principal Findings: PRS1 belongs to a novel insect superfamily of genes encoding proteins with DM9 repeat motifs of uncharacterized function. We show that PRS1 is induced in response to Plasmodium, not only in the salivary glands but also in the midgut, the other epithelial barrier that Plasmodium has to cross to develop in the mosquito. Furthermore, this induction is observed using either the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei or the human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum. In the midgut, PRS1 overexpression is associated with a relocalization of the protein at the periphery of invaded cells. We also find that sporozoite invasion of salivary gland cells occurs sequentially and induces intra-cellular modifications that include an increase in PRS1 expression and a relocalization of the corresponding protein into vesicle-like structures. Importantly, PRS1 knockdown during the onset of midgut and salivary gland invasion demonstrates that PRS1 acts as an agonist for the development of both parasite species in the two epithelia, highlighting shared vector/parasite interactions in both tissues. Conclusions/Significance: While providing insights into potential functions of DM9 proteins, our results reveal that PRS1 likely contributes to fundamental interactions between Plasmodium and mosquito epithelia, which do not depend on the specific Anopheles/P. falciparum coevolutionary history

Fine Pathogen Discrimination within the APL1 Gene Family Protects Anopheles gambiae against Human and Rodent Malaria Species

Genetically controlled resistance of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum is a common trait in the natural population, and a cluster of natural resistance loci were mapped to the Plasmodium-Resistance Island (PRI) of the A. gambiae genome. The APL1 family of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins was highlighted by candidate gene studies in the PRI, and is comprised of paralogs APL1A, APL1B and APL1C that share ≥50% amino acid identity. Here, we present a functional analysis of the joint response of APL1 family members during mosquito infection with human and rodent Plasmodium species. Only paralog APL1A protected A. gambiae against infection with the human malaria parasite P. falciparum from both the field population and in vitro culture. In contrast, only paralog APL1C protected against the rodent malaria parasites P. berghei and P. yoelii. We show that anti-P. falciparum protection is mediated by the Imd/Rel2 pathway, while protection against P. berghei infection was shown to require Toll/Rel1 signaling. Further, only the short Rel2-S isoform and not the long Rel2-F isoform of Rel2 confers protection against P. falciparum. Protection correlates with the transcriptional regulation of APL1A by Rel2-S but not Rel2-F, suggesting that the Rel2-S anti-parasite phenotype results at least in part from its transcriptional control over APL1A. These results indicate that distinct members of the APL1 gene family display a mutually exclusive protective effect against different classes of Plasmodium parasites. It appears that a gene-for-pathogen-class system orients the appropriate host defenses against distinct categories of similar pathogens. It is known that insect innate immune pathways can distinguish between grossly different microbes such as Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, or fungi, but the function of the APL1 paralogs reveals that mosquito innate immunity possesses a more fine-grained capacity to distinguish between classes of closely related eukaryotic pathogens than has been previously recognized

Les carboxypeptidases B d'anophèles Gambiae impliquées dans le développement de plasmodium falciparum

PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Autant en emporte le vent: Comment les anophèles recolonisent les régions arides du Sahel pour y transmettre le paludisme

International audienceNo abstract availabl

Adhérer ou ne pas adhérer : Stratégie adaptative de Plasmodium falciparum pour persister en saison sèche

International audienceNo abstract availabl

TRANSMISSION DE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM DE L'HOMME AU MOUSTIQUE (OUTILS DE MESURE ET MECANISMES POTENTIELS DE BLOCAGE)

PARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocCentre Technique Livre Ens. Sup. (774682301) / SudocSudocFranceF