Neighborhood Effects in Spatial Housing Value Models The Case of the Metropolitan Area of Paris (1999).

In hedonic housing models, the spatial dimension of housing values are traditionally processed by the impact of neighborhood variables and accessibility variables. In this paper we show that spatial effects might remain once neighborhood effects and accessibility have been controlled for. We notably stress on three sides of neighborhood effects: social capital, social status and social externalities and consider the accessibility to the primary economic center as describing the urban spatial trend. Using spatial econometrics specifications of the hedonic equation, we estimate whether spatial effects impact the housing values. Our empirical case concerns the Metropolitan Area (MA) of Paris in France which is divided in 2 636 neighborhood areas. We estimate the housing price distribution from a sample of 21,000 apartments sold in 1999. Our empirical results highlight the lumpy distribution of unit price along the general decreasing spatial trend from the Central Business District once neighborhood effects have been introduced. More precisely, a spatial error model is estimated revealing a positive and significance spatial effects across housing values which extend beyond their neighborhood area. Social capital, social status and social externalities play local role and may positively or negatively impact the housing prices. We showed a positive impact of diversified building patterns but a negative impact of social mixity which is somewhat conflictual but which is in fact in line with many current questions about social segregation and spatial segregation in urban areas.Hedonic model, housing value, neighborhood effects, spatial econometrics

Interactions, spillovers de connaissance et croissance des économies modernes. Faut-il préférer la globalisation ou la proximité géographique ?

Globalisation and metropolisation in modern economies induce some locational trategies of knowledge based activities towards cities and deeply increase trade and move of ideas across cities. In that context, we study the way knowledge spillovers have influenced the economic growth of 82 European Metropolises over the 1990-2005 period. We model knowledge spillovers across cities according to three specific interaction patterns depending either on geography or on global advanced services or thought a combination of these patterns. We show that the mixed pattern matters the best for economic growth of cities in Europe.

Interactions, spillovers de connaissance et croissance des économies modernes. Faut-il préférer la globalisation ou la proximité géographique ?

La globalisation et la métropolisation des économies modernes induisent des stratégies de localisation des activités intensives en connaissance en faveur des métropoles et démultiplient les échanges commerciaux et d'information entre les métropoles. Nous étudions, dans ce contexte, le rôle joué par les spillovers de connaissance sur la croissance de 82 métropoles européennes sur la période 1990-2005. Nous modélisons les spillovers entre les métropoles en distinguant trois schémas d'interactions via la proximité géographique, la globalisation des services supérieurs ou la combinaison de ces deux schémas. Nous montrons que le schéma mixte est le plus performant pour la croissance des métropoles européennes.croissance urbaine, métropoles, interactions spatiales, climat des affaires, économies modernes

The European Regional Convergence Process, 1980-1995: Do Spatial Regimes and Spatial Dependence Matter?

We show in this paper that spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity matter in the estimation of the b-convergence process among 138 European regions over the 1980-1995 period. Using spatial econometrics tools, we detect both spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity in the form of structural instability across spatial convergence clubs. The estimation of the appropriate spatial regimes spatial error model shows that the convergence process is different across regimes. We also estimate a strongly significant spatial spillover effect: the average growth rate of per capita GDP of a given region is positively affected by the average growth rate of neighboring regions.convergence, club convergence, spatial econometrics, European regions, spatial regimes, spatial autocorrelation

NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS IN SPATIAL HOUSING VALUE MODELS. THE CASE OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF PARIS (1999)

In hedonic housing models, the spatial dimension of housing values are traditionally processed by the impact of neighborhood variables and accessibility variables. In this paper we show that spatial effects might remain once neighborhood effects and accessibility have been controlled for. We notably stress on three sides of neighborhood effects: social capital, social status and social externalities and consider the accessibility to the primary economic center as describing the urban spatial trend. Using spatial econometrics specifications of the hedonic equation, we estimate whether spatial effects impact the housing values. Our empirical case concerns the Metropolitan Area (MA) of Paris in France which is divided in 2 636 neighborhood areas. We estimate the housing price distribution from a sample of 21,000 apartments sold in 1999. Our empirical results highlight the lumpy distribution of unit price along the general decreasing spatial trend from the Central Business District once neighborhood effects have been introduced. More precisely, a spatial error model is estimated revealing a positive and significance spatial effects across housing values which extend beyond their neighborhood area. Social capital, social status and social externalities play local role and may positively or negatively impact the housing prices. We showed a positive impact of diversified building patterns but a negative impact of social mixity which is somewhat conflictual but which is in fact in line with many current questions about social segregation and spatial segregation in urban areas.Hedonic model, housing value, neighborhood effects, spatial econometrics

Modeling local growth control decisions in a multi-city case: Do spatial interactions and lobbying efforts matter?

JEL Classification R52, C31, D7, H7International audienceOur article analyzes the determinants of local growth control decisions, which are modeled as the result of a political struggle between different groups of voters and organized lobbies. We show that under specific hypotheses, a higher homeownership rate can induce lower levels of controls. Considering residential choices as endogenous to growth control policies, the local decisions to control growth become strategically interdependent. Assuming imperfect mobility, we show that a spatial econometric specification can be directly derived from our theoretical model. Our empirical analysis concerning the determinants of the “taxe locale d’équipement”, a French local development tax, is thus naturally based on spatial econometrics. Its results confirm the major predictions of our model

Géographie des marchés, firmes globales et performance des métropoles européennes

climat des affaires;croissance;globalisation; spillovers;métropoles

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION DENSITY: THE CASE OF THE AGGLOMERATION OF DIJON, 1999

The aim of this paper is to analyze the intra-urban spatial distributions of population and employment in the agglomeration of Dijon (regional capital of Burgundy, France). We study whether this agglomeration has followed the general tendency of job decentralization observed in most urban areas or whether it is still characterized by a monocentric pattern. In that purpose, we use a sample of 136 observations at the communal and at the IRIS (infra-urban statistical area) levels with 1999 census data and the employment database SIRENE (INSEE). First, we study the spatial pattern of total employment and employment density using exploratory spatial data analysis. Apart from the CBD, few IRIS are found to be statistically significant, a result contrasting with those found using standard methods of subcenter identification with employment cut-offs. Next, in order to examine the spatial distribution of residential population density, we estimate and compare different specifications: exponential negative, spline- exponential and multicentric density functions. Moreover, spatial autocorrelation, spatial heterogeneity and outliers are controlled for by using the appropriate maximum likelihood, generalized method of moments and Bayesian spatial econometric techniques. Our results highlight again the monocentric character of the agglomeration of Dijon.Bayesian spatial econometrics, exploratory spatial data analysis, outliers, population density, spatial autocorrelation, spatial heterogeneity, employment subcenters

Modelling local growth control decisions in a multi-city case: Do spatial interactions and lobbying efforts matter?

Our article analyses the determinants of the decision of French municipalities to raise the “taxe locale d’équipement”, a local development tax which can be regarded as a price measure to control growth. We model the decision to raise this tax as the result of a political struggle between different land-related interest groups. As a city’s decision to control its development raises demand for housing in neighbouring cities, local growth control choices have to be considered as spatially interdependent. Our spatial econometric specification is directly derived from the theoretical model and thereby becomes a natural tool to estimate such strategic interactions between local governments. The empirical results confirm our predictions. The decision to raise the “taxe locale d’équipement” is influenced by the lobbying of land-related interest groups and subject to spatial strategic interaction. But against the general presumption that growth control choices are mainly determined by resident homeowners, our analysis reveals that the main driving force seems to be “absentee” homeowners which act as landlords. We find weak evidence for the presence of “urban growth machines” in France.land use regulation;growth control;lobbying;spatial econometrics

The monocentric model and after

Von Thünen’s monocentric model is considered as one of the foundations of spatial economics. Most of its assumptions have been transfered from agricultural to urban space by New Urban Economics. This transposition gave new impetus both to the monocentric model and urban economics. Yet the urban monocentric model, because of its strong economic and spatial assumptions, fails to explain the formation of cities. The economics agglomeration, and more generally New Economic Geography, propose to solve this problem by considering endogenous formation of spatial concentrations, i. e. by changing radically the approach of space. We attempt to identify the lines of continuity and the main changes from von Thünen to the contemporary urban microeconomics, and to understand in what way continuity is an obstacle to innovation, and how change has made it possible to renew urban economics