Police Officer Perspectives on Public Views of Police, Current Events Involving Police, and the Impact on Police-Community Relationships

The media has presented current tensions between police officers and the communities they serve, particularly the Black community. These tensions have led to calls for reforms in law enforcement and the criminal justice system. However, there has been little focus on the police perspective. Thus, this study sought to address the gaps in the literature by shedding light on the perspective of police officers through the following research question: a) How do police officers perceive the public’s view of them? b) How do police officers’ think the public’s view of them impacts the relationship between police officers and the communities they serve? c) What are police officers’ perspectives on recent events involving police-inflicted deaths of Black community members and the deaths of police officers by community members? d) How do police officers think the recent events influence the relationship between police officers and the communities they serve? and e) What do police officers identify as ways to strengthen the relationship between police officers and the communities they serve? This study utilized a phenomenological, qualitative approach to examine police officers’ perspectives in order to shed light on their subjective experience rather than apply preconceived theories to the subject at hand. However, the theoretical underpinnings of broken windows theory (Wilson & Kelling, 1982), legal cynicism (Kirk & Papachristos, 2011), police implicit racial bias (Spencer, Charbonneau, & Glaser, 2016), and Black men’s stereotype threat (Steele & Aronson, 1995) guided the background for the research questions. Participants were three full-time, male Patrolmen in urban communities who participated in individual, in-person interviews. Results elicited nine themes that are discussed in relation to the research questions: diverse experiences; difference between expectation of the job and the actual job; being in danger at work; media; generalizations about police; predominant dislike of police officers by the public and negative/poor relationship between police officers and community members; racial tensions between community members and police officers; exposure to traumatic situations, frustrations, and trying not to take the job home; and limited options for relationship reparations. Limitations, implications for future research as well as clinical implications are discussed

POST AMCOR AND GRIBBLES: A NEW ERA FOR SUCCESSION OF BUSINESS AND REDUNDANCY LAW?

[On 9 March 2005, the High Court of Australia handed down two deci- sions of considerable importance for employers. The first decision, Minis- ter for Employment and Workplace Relations v Gribbles Radiology Pty Ltd [2005] HCA 9 concerned the circumstances in which a "succession of business" or a part of a business will occur for the purposes of section 149(1)(d) of the Workplace Relations Act 1996. The second decision, Am- cor Limited v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union; Minister for Employment [2005] HCA 10, pertained to whether, upon the facts pre- sented to the Court, a group of employees had been rendered redundant with a consequent (and cumulatively significant) entitlement to severance pay. Interestingly, the High Court adopted a 'textual' approach to statutory construction in Gribbles but a 'contextual' approach to the legal interpre- tation of the relevant clause in the agreement in question in Amcor. Not- withstanding these differing approaches, the result in each case is arguably favourable to employers.]

Police Officer Perspectives on Public Views of Police, Current Events Involving Police, and the Impact on Police-Community Relationships

The media has presented current tensions between police officers and the communities they serve, particularly the Black community. These tensions have led to calls for reforms in law enforcement and the criminal justice system. However, there has been little focus on the police perspective. Thus, this study sought to address the gaps in the literature by shedding light on the perspective of police officers through the following research question: a) How do police officers perceive the public’s view of them? b) How do police officers’ think the public’s view of them impacts the relationship between police officers and the communities they serve? c) What are police officers’ perspectives on recent events involving police-inflicted deaths of Black community members and the deaths of police officers by community members? d) How do police officers think the recent events influence the relationship between police officers and the communities they serve? and e) What do police officers identify as ways to strengthen the relationship between police officers and the communities they serve? This study utilized a phenomenological, qualitative approach to examine police officers’ perspectives in order to shed light on their subjective experience rather than apply preconceived theories to the subject at hand. However, the theoretical underpinnings of broken windows theory (Wilson & Kelling, 1982), legal cynicism (Kirk & Papachristos, 2011), police implicit racial bias (Spencer, Charbonneau, & Glaser, 2016), and Black men’s stereotype threat (Steele & Aronson, 1995) guided the background for the research questions. Participants were three full-time, male Patrolmen in urban communities who participated in individual, in-person interviews. Results elicited nine themes that are discussed in relation to the research questions: diverse experiences; difference between expectation of the job and the actual job; being in danger at work; media; generalizations about police; predominant dislike of police officers by the public and negative/poor relationship between police officers and community members; racial tensions between community members and police officers; exposure to traumatic situations, frustrations, and trying not to take the job home; and limited options for relationship reparations. Limitations, implications for future research as well as clinical implications are discussed

At Play in the Field of Dreams: Theorising Attitudes, Perceptions and Practices of Law Students in conjunction with the Reflections of Early Career Commercial Lawyers

Australian law schools are tasked with forming students in their knowledge and understanding of the law, with many students aiming to fulfil their dreams of pursuing a legal career. Utilising Bourdieu’s conceptual tools, this article considers whether aspirations of being “real lawyers” are significantly influenced by motifs of career success predominantly linked to an “elite” tier of law practice. The attitudes and perceptions of law students can also positively or adversely shape their career path amidst the information at play in the law school space. Drawing on qualitative data, we have applied Bourdieu’s tools to understand undergraduate and practical legal training students’ responses to notions of career accomplishment. This is contrasted with the reflections of early career commercial lawyers about their law school experiences. With comparisons to contemporary surveys and research on student services for law students, along with their wellbeing, the article reasons that the assorted ambitions of law students requires a law school environment promoting a more diversified perspective of “real law” and “real lawyering”

NEW BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC AND LITHOLOGICAL DATA ON THE NEOGENE AND QUATERNARY OF THE LIVORNO AREA (TUSCANY, CENTRAL ITALY)

Lithofacies analyses and datings using calcareous nannofossils, proved to be an excellent opportunity to understand the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the area of the Tuscan coast, washed up by the Ligurian Sea. A multidisciplinary approach, through lithological and micropaleontological data, collected from fifteen boreholes and one outcrop, permitted the characterization of ten stratigraphic units in the subsurface of the Livorno area. The correlations of these units depicted a stratigraphic architecture chronologically constrained. This study detected early Pliocene (Zanclean) and early Pleistocene (Gelasian) marine deposits, referable to the outer neritic zone that were dated to the calcareous nannofossil biozones MNN13, MNN14-15 and MNN18. In addition, early Pleistocene (Calabrian) marine deposits, dated to the calcareous nannofossil biozones MNN19b, MNN19d, MNN19e, which may be attributed to different bathymetric depths on the basis of benthic foraminifers and ostracods, highlighted sea level changes. Finally, the areal distribution and the stratigraphic architecture of these units permitted the recognition and the better constraining of the sedimentary dynamics impacted by major eustatic and tectonic changes. &nbsp

The basal part Modino Unit Succession under the belt-foredeep system of the Northern Apennines (Italy)

The Modino Unit turbidite system of the Northern Apennines foreland basin provides an excellent opportunity to study the sedimentary and structural variations within the context of spatial and temporal distribuition of source rocks during the evolution of foreland basins. The substrate of this Unit was interpreted as a stratigraphic-structural mélange (Plesi et al., 2000), the expression of polyphase tectonic phases of Cretaceous-Eocene accretion that have affected the external part of Ligurian and Subligurian domain. In this article we present the preliminary data of different stratigraphic sections outcropping in Tuscan and Emilian regions, with particulary attention to the lower part of Modino Unit Succession, of pre-Ligurian stage, unconformably deposited at the top of the Ligurian and Subligurian substrate, composed by Fiumalbo Shale Fm. and Marmoreto Marl Fm. The tectonic setting of this Unit is complex and necessitated the use of stratigraphical, biostratigraphical and petrographical studies to achieve this goals. The Modino Unit succession is composed by three different formations: The Fiumalbo Shale Fm. followed in some sections of coarse breccia deposits that cover the substrate (Riccovolto Breccia) are made up of mostly red and green shales with intercalations of limestone and turbidite-like sandstones beds more or less extensive (Rio Acquicciola Sandstones Auctt. or M. Sassolera Sandstones Auctt.). The Marmoreto Marl Fm. are characterized by fine emipelagic sediments, have a massive structure (with rare thin layers of fine sandstones). The Monte Modino Sandstone Fm. are constituted by one or more sequences of turbidite facies with quite variable vertically and laterally . Their deposition occurs preferentially in the middle and front al part of the prism and is quickly interrupted, on its southwestern margin, by the thrust belt materials. From this reason the axis of sedimentation moving outwards. A petrographical study on turbidite-like sandstone beds in Fiumalbo Shale Fm., show a petrofacies characterized by a modal composition of Q48F27L+CE25, according with the composition of Monte Modino Sandstone of this study, while shows different composition in the Fine-Grained Rock Fragments Compositional Mode (LmLvLs plot). The sandstones in Fiumalbo Shale Fm., are composed by different tipology of fine grained lithic fragments, and its composition changes strata-strata in the same stratigraphic sections. The fine grained lithic fragments are composed by dominating metamorphic origin clasts and ophiolithic rock fragment associated with unmetamorphic radiolaritic fragments, The biostratigraphical analysis indicate that the age of theese formations is comprised between Lutetian and Chattian ages. These formations reflect a slope environment, with quite deep and with a strong affinity to Epiligurian sections, which resemble the coeval succession Monte Piano-Ranzano and their sedimentation environment reflects a time and an area of major physiographic expression of the prism. The composition of this arenites is interpreted as being controlled mainly by synsedimentary tectonics connected with the evolution of an accretionary prism east vergent. This composition reflects the different stages of the process of accretion and is the expression of the different sedimentary environments that were gradually generating. The lower part of Modino Unit succession seems to be supplied by two different source areas, the classic Alpine source area and a more proximal "Liguride derived" source, maybe located in the proto-appenninic wedge

Angelologia e burocrazia: tecnologie del potere amministrativo

The present paper considers the angel from the Christian tradition as a political figure; the theological development of its image, its configurations, and its lexicon, all pave the way to the realms of bureaucracy and administration, i.e., to the subjection of life to power. As the theologico-political perspective emerging with Carl Schmit has shown, this is not a unidirectional process – i.e., the relation- ship between theological and political concepts is not simply one of historical con- tinuity but, rather, a bidirectional one of structural analogy. In this regard, angelol- ogy represents the theorization of those beings appointed to rule administratively on human matters. In this case, life management would consist in an asymmetric relationship of visibility between the surveillant – the guardian angel – and the individual under surveillance

Updated picture of the Ligurian and Sub-Ligurian units in the Mt. Amiata area (Tuscany, Italy): Elements for their correlation in the framework of the Northern Apennines

The Mt. Amiata region (Southern Tuscany, Italy) represents the southernmost area of the Northern Apennines in which different lithologies belonging to the Ligurian and Sub-Ligurian units crop out widely. This paper provides an update on the stratigraphic, paleontological and structural features of the Ligurian and Sub-Ligurian units in the Mt. Amiata area by integrating new data from the Regional Geological Mapping project with those available from the existing literature. In the study area, the Sub-Ligurian units are represented by the Canetolo unit, which comprises the middle Eocene (Zone NP15) Argille e Calcari and Vico Fms showing heteropic relationships. The Ligurian units are represented by the Ophiolitic and Santa Fiora units. The Ophiolitic unit consists mainly of Early Cretaceous Palombini Shale associated with scattered Middle-Late Jurassic ophiolites. The age of the Palombini Shale spans from late Hauterivian-Barremian Zone CC5 to Aptian Zone CC7 of SISSINGH (1977). The Ophiolitic unit overlies the Santa Fiora unit consisting of the Pietraforte Fm and Varicoloured Shales topped by the Santa Fiora Fm. The Pietraforte Fm shows heteropic relationships with the Varicoloured Shale, and both formations can be referred to the ?Aptian to middle Coniacian. The age of the Santa Fiora Fm seems to span from the late Coniacian-early Santonian (Zone CC14) to middle-late Campanian (Zones CC21-CC22). Structural analyses indicate that all the Ligurian and Sub-Ligurian units experienced complex polyphase deformation through several folding phases during the closure of the Ligurian-Piemontese oceanic basin and the subsequent continental collision, which began in the middle Eocene. The Ligurian and Sub-Ligurian units now come into contact through low-angle shear zones developed during the last deformation phase identified in these units, i.e. middle Miocene extensional tectonics. This tectonic phase produced strong delamination through low-angle faults with staircase geometry, so that not only several stratigraphic levels but also entire tectonic units were omitted. Despite the extensional tectonics, the collected stratigraphic and structural data suggest a correlation between the Ligurian and Sub-Ligurian units of the Mt. Amiata area and the units cropping out in Southern Tuscany and the Ligurian-Emilian Apennines

Off-line digital jurisdiction

The paper examines the issue of the jurisdiction over personal data from a particular angle: it aims to investigate the conditions under which European law might be competitive with other legal systems by strengthening the protection of fundamental rights such as data protection and privacy within transborder relations and, in particular, by widening the scope of European courts’ jurisdiction in such cases. The aim of the paper is to show the clash between the un-physical nature of information as commodity and the physical notion of state borders, upon which the notion of jurisdiction is based. Such endeavor explores the use of extraterritoriality of data protection and privacy in international law, with the purpose of finding broader solutions inspired to functional criteria other than the territorial connection