Disposición hacia el pensamiento crítico en estudiantes de una universidad estatal de Lima Metropolitana

Critical thinking disposition was researched in male and female students from different professional areas of a public university in Lima Metropolitan Area. One thousand three hundred seventy-six (1,376) university students were recruited using a non-probability quota sampling. Comparisons were made considering the participants’ different professional areas and sex. The results show that there are only significant statistical differences in the Curiosity dimension of the test according to the profes­sional areas of the university.  Se investigó la disposición hacia el pensamiento crítico en estudiantes de diversas áreas profesionales, hombres y mujeres, de una universidad estatal de Lima Metropolitana. Participaron 1376 universitarios, obtenidos a través de un procedimiento de muestreo no probabilístico por cuotas. Se realizaron las comparaciones considerando las diversas carreras profesionales y el sexo de los participantes. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas solo en el área Curiosidad de la Disposición hacia el Pensamiento Crítico según las áreas profesionales de la universidad

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field