Organotin pollution from pleasure craft at Paraty, a tourist area of Southeastern Brazil: amelioration or interference?

Some organotin compounds, such as TBT, are endocrine disruptors and harm marine ecosystems. Even after the global ban on organotins, increasing imposex levels have been detected in Stramonita haemastoma analyzed in 2004 and 2011 in some locations at Paraty, a tourist area in southeastern Brazil. The results of this study indicate that particulate and dissolved organic carbon and xenoestrogens might be interfering in this syndrome's development, leading to underestimation of imposex evaluation. Chemical analysis of three mangrove swamp sediments in the area showed the presence of TBT (16.0 - 205.7 ng Sn g-1), DBT (10.1 - 16.4 ng Sn g-1) and MBT (10.1 - 10.2 ng Sn g-1) even at the reference sites. The concentrations of butyltins and the increased incidence of imposexat some stations indicate recent inputs of TBT in the study area due to its illegal use on small vessels.Alguns compostos organoestânicos, como o TBT, são desreguladores endócrinos e causam danos aos ecossistemas marinhos. Mesmo após a proibição global de organoestânicos, níveis crescentes de imposex foram detectados em indivíduos Stramonita haemastoma analisados em 2004 e 2011, em Paraty, área turística no sudeste do Brasil. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que partículas e carbono orgânico dissolvido e xenoestrógenos podem estar interferindo no desenvolvimento dessa síndrome, levando à subestimação de avaliação do imposex. A análise química de três sedimentos de mangue na área mostrou a presença de TBT (16,0-205,7 ng Sn g-1), DBT (10,1-16,4 ng Sn g-1) e MBT (10,1-10,2 ng Sn g-1), mesmo nos locais de referência. As concentrações de butilestânicos e o aumento da incidência de imposex em algumas estações indicam entradas recentes de TBT na área estudada devido ao uso ilegal em pequenas embarcações

High tributyltin and imposex levels in the commercial muricid Thais chocolata from two peruvian harbor areas

The first appraisal of butyltin (BT) contamination linked with imposex incidence in Peruvian coastal areas was performed in the present study. Imposex occurrence and BT levels in female bodies were analyzed in the rock snail Thais chocolata distributed along 10 sites in areas under the influence of Callao and Chimbote Harbors. Imposex levels associated to high tributyltin (TBT) concentrations were observed in six of 10 studied sites, and the highest imposex levels were seen in gastropods collected near the harbor terminals. Tributyltin concentrations were the highest reported for gastropod mollusks (up to 662 ng Sn g−1) in recent studies. Although TBT-based antifouling paints have been banned globally (International Maritime Organization, 2008), the combination of high imposex and TBTs level with butyltin degradation index values indicated fresh TBT inputs in these Peruvian coastal areas. Thus, the need to implement local regulatory strategies related to the use of TBT-free antifouling paints is urgent, as is a thorough assessment of the effectiveness of the TBT global ban. Moreover, the wide distribution of T. chocolata combined with its capability to elicit imposex and bioaccumulate BTs renders this a good sentinel species for TBT contamination along the western South American coast

Imposex reduction and residual butyltin contamination in southern Brazilian harbors

The imposex incidence was appraised in South American gastropods, considering thescenario before and after the global ban of tributyltin (TBT). A statistically significant reduction in imposex indexes was observed in Stramonita haemastoma collected in 2006 and 2010 from areas under the influence of four coastal harbors from southern Brazil. This reduction may be because of the effectiveness of the global ban issued by the International Maritime Organization, although the restrictions on TBT-based antifouling paints in Brazil might also have helped. Even so, a residual organotin contamination was still detected in female tissues (levels ranged from 7.6 to 164.9 ng Sn/g for TBT; from <2 to 214.5 ng Sn/g for dibutyltin; from <3.5 to 178.8 ng Sn/g for monobutyltin; and from <1.5 to 53 ng Sn/g for triphenyltin). Thus, although a reduction in imposex and environmental levels of organotins is expected in every ocean worldwide soon after the implementation of national and international restriction regulations, this will depend on the effectiveness of the global TBT ban; the effectiveness of local restrictions on producing, selling, and using TBT-based antifouling paints; and specific characteristics of local sediments, because metabolization rates and sorption/desorption of TBT previously deposited might affect its environmental bioavailability. Therefore, the reduction trend detected in the present study cannot be extrapolated to other Brazilian or South American coastal areas

Third generation antifouling paints: new biocides in the aquatic environment

Submitted by Caroline Silva ([email protected]) on 2012-12-10T17:44:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 19-RV10415.pdf: 330169 bytes, checksum: 3be5e7fdb7e6961d55bab97638a69aae (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Michele Fernanda([email protected]) on 2013-03-22T05:14:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 19-RV10415.pdf: 330169 bytes, checksum: 3be5e7fdb7e6961d55bab97638a69aae (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-22T05:14:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 19-RV10415.pdf: 330169 bytes, checksum: 3be5e7fdb7e6961d55bab97638a69aae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011Antifouling agents have been used on vessels and boats since ancient civilizations. Thus, a brief history on the three generations of antifouling paints was provided in the present review. Additionally, information about physic-chemical properties, environmental levels, toxicology and analytical methods was discussed for the 16 “new” booster biocides used as third-generation antifouling paints. The main problems, limitations and future trends related to this subject were also presented. Finally, actions were suggested in order to appraise the current status of the environmental impact caused by these compounds in South America

Avaliação preliminar de imposex em área sob a influência de portos do sul do Brasil

Submitted by Denielton Guimarães ([email protected]) on 2011-05-05T13:50:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Preliminary Appraisal of Imposex in Areas Under the Influence of Southern Brazilian Harbors.pdf: 147395 bytes, checksum: 059e84b646b4bebea699b527ee7ecc0d (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Brum da Silva([email protected]) on 2011-05-06T13:10:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Preliminary Appraisal of Imposex in Areas Under the Influence of Southern Brazilian Harbors.pdf: 147395 bytes, checksum: 059e84b646b4bebea699b527ee7ecc0d (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-06T13:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Preliminary Appraisal of Imposex in Areas Under the Influence of Southern Brazilian Harbors.pdf: 147395 bytes, checksum: 059e84b646b4bebea699b527ee7ecc0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007Imposex in gastropod mollusks is an efficient and low-cost biomarker for pollution by organotin compounds. Such substances are typically found in areas with an intense flux of vessels, such as marinas and harbors. This study preliminarily evaluated the occurrence of imposex in Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1758) populations along the areas under the influence of the main harbors from southern Brazil (Paranaguá, PR; São Francisco do Sul, SC; Itajaí, SC; and Rio Grande, RS). Although no chemical analyses were performed so far to confirm the presence of organotins, the occurrence of imposex strongly suggests a contamination by these compounds in the studied areas and it is likely that the closest from the harbors (as the main sources) the more contaminated the environment. However, due to the ilimitations of S. haemastoma, it is important to assess the response of alternative species adapted to mesohaline environments and non-consolidated substrates, in order to make up for the lack of indicator species for some areas such as Patos Lagoon and Itajaí-Açu estuaries.O imposex em moluscos gastrópodes é um eficiente biomarcador de baixo custo para contaminação por compostos orgânicos de estanho. Esses compostos são tipicamente encontrados em áreas com intenso fluxo de embarcações, como marinas e terminais portuários. O presente estudo verificou preliminarmente a ocorrência de imposex em populações de Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1758) ao longo das áreas sob a influência dos principais terminais portuários do sul do Brasil(Paranaguá, PR, São Francisco do Sul, SC, Itajaí, SC, e Rio Grande, RS). Apesar de não confirmados quimicamente, a ocorrência de imposex em todas as áreas estudadas sugere contaminação por compostos orgânicos de estanho, sendo possivelmente tanto maior quanto mais próxima dos portos (ou das fontes). Porém, em razão das limitações de S. haemastoma, é importante avaliar essa resposta em espécies alternativas que suportem ambientes mesohalinos e com substratos não consolidados, possibilitando assim avaliação mais completa de ambientes como os estuários da Lagoa dos Patos e Itajaí-Açu

Organotin compounds: a potential hazard in the contamination of marine fish

Submitted by Denielton Guimarães ([email protected]) on 2011-04-13T13:54:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 COMPOSTOS ORGANOESTÂNICOS UM RISCO POTENCIAL PARA CONTAMINAÇÃO DO PESCADO MARINHO.pdf: 78577 bytes, checksum: e27ca794d3ccca6ced13fcf5edc78357 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Brum da Silva([email protected]) on 2011-04-18T11:16:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 COMPOSTOS ORGANOESTÂNICOS UM RISCO POTENCIAL PARA CONTAMINAÇÃO DO PESCADO MARINHO.pdf: 78577 bytes, checksum: e27ca794d3ccca6ced13fcf5edc78357 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2011-04-18T11:16:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 COMPOSTOS ORGANOESTÂNICOS UM RISCO POTENCIAL PARA CONTAMINAÇÃO DO PESCADO MARINHO.pdf: 78577 bytes, checksum: e27ca794d3ccca6ced13fcf5edc78357 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006Compostos organoestânicos(COEs) são utilizados em tintas de ação antiincrustrante aplicadas a embarcações do mundo inteiro, tendo-se revelado altamente tóxicos para diversos componentes da biota marinha. Em mamíferos, os efeitos da contaminação por organoestânicos são: imunossupressão, alterações reprodutivas e citotoxicidade. Estudos realizados na península de Suva, em Fiji, e na Baía de Guanabara, no Brasil, demonstraram o risco potencial existente no consumo de pescado oriundo de áreas contaminadas por COEs, tais como, portos, marinas e estaleiros O presente estudo analisou uma amostra de 50 moluscos da espécie Stramonita haemastoma que estavam sendo comercializados em uma feira livre na cidade de Fortaleza. Esses animais revelaram altos índices de imposex, que é uma anomalia induzida exclusivamente por organoestânicos. Apesar dos níveis de exposição a essas substâncias, necessários para causar efeitos observáveis em seres humanos serem desconhecidos, é de suma importância que uma atenção maior seja destinada a esse problema em estudos futuros, já que no Brasil não existe ainda uma legislação que regulamente concentrações seguras desses compostos nos alimentos.Organotin compounds (OTCs) are used in antifouling paints applied on boats all over the world, having shown to be highly toxic to different components of the marine biota. In mammals the effects of contamination from organotin compounds are: imunosuppression, reproduction changes and citotoxicity. Research work carried out off the Suva peninsula, in Fiji, and the Guanabara Bay, in Brazil, has shown the existing potential risks in the consumption of fish from OTC-contaminated areas like harbors, marinas and shipyards. The present study analyzed a sample of 50 individuals of Stramonita haemastoma that was commercialized at a marketplace in Fortaleza city, Brazil. Those individuals revealed high indices of imposex, which is an anomaly induced exclusively by organotin compounds. Although the exposure levels to such substances necessary to cause visual effects in human beings are unknown, it is very important to give a special attention to this problem in future studies, since in Brazil there does not yet exist a law enforcement of safe concentrations of those compounds in fish food

High Imposex Levels In Stramonita Rustica (Mollusca: Gastropoda) In Harbor Areas From Alagoas And Sergipe States, Brazil

Submitted by Denielton Guimarães ([email protected]) on 2011-04-13T13:04:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALTOS ÍNDICES DE IMPOSEX EM Stramonita rustica (Mollusca Gastropoda) EM ÁREAS PORTUÁRIAS DOS ESTADOS DE ALAGOAS E SERGIPE, BRASIL.pdf: 335957 bytes, checksum: 60b09077e3be488511b6bbf369169705 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Brum da Silva([email protected]) on 2011-04-18T11:13:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ALTOS ÍNDICES DE IMPOSEX EM Stramonita rustica (Mollusca Gastropoda) EM ÁREAS PORTUÁRIAS DOS ESTADOS DE ALAGOAS E SERGIPE, BRASIL.pdf: 335957 bytes, checksum: 60b09077e3be488511b6bbf369169705 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2011-04-18T11:13:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALTOS ÍNDICES DE IMPOSEX EM Stramonita rustica (Mollusca Gastropoda) EM ÁREAS PORTUÁRIAS DOS ESTADOS DE ALAGOAS E SERGIPE, BRASIL.pdf: 335957 bytes, checksum: 60b09077e3be488511b6bbf369169705 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005O imposex é um excelente marcador da contaminação marinha por compostos orgânicos de estanho (COEs). Esse fenômeno consiste no surgimento de caracteres sexuais masculinos mensuráveis, em fêmeas de neogastrópodes. Um total de 17 estações de coleta foram olhidas nas proximidades do terminal portuário de Jaraguá no Estado de Alagoas e no interior do estuário do Rio Sergipe, no Estado de Sergipe. Em ambas as áreas observa-se um intenso tráfego de embarcações. Em cada uma dessas estações foram coletados um total de 30 exemplares adultos de Stramonita rustica. Esses animais foram conduzidos ao laboratório e analisados quanto à presença do imposex revelando índices altamente elevados. A presença de imposex nessas amostras sugere fortemente que as referidas áreas estão contaminadas por COEs visto que o imposex só ocorre em animais expostos a esse tipo de contaminação.Imposex in gastropods is used worldwide as a bioindicator of organotin compounds (OTs). Imposex is the imposition of male secondary sexual characteristics in female neogastropods. Samples of 30 adult Stramonita rustica were collected in 17 sites from Jaraguá Harbor in Alagoas State and Sergipe River estuary in Sergipe State. These areas presented high shipping activities. The samples were led to the laboratory and were examined for occurrence of imposex. The imposex levels observed in samples were very high. The occurrence of imposex in S. rustica from harbor areas indicated organotin contamination

Preliminary Appraisal of Imposex in Areas Under the Influence of Southern Brazilian Harbors

Imposex in gastropod mollusks is an efficient and low-cost biomarker for pollution by organotin compounds. Such substances are typically found in areas with an intense flux of vessels, such as marinas and harbors. This study preliminarily evaluated the occurrence of imposex in Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1758) populations along the areas under the influence of the main harbors from southern Brazil (Paranaguá, PR; São Francisco do Sul, SC; Itajaí, SC; and Rio Grande, RS). Although no chemical analyses were performed so far to confirm the presence of organotins, the occurrence of imposex strongly suggests a contamination by these compounds in the studied areas and it is likely that the closest from the harbors (as the main sources) the more contaminated the environment. However, due to the ilimitations of S. haemastoma, it is important to assess the response of alternative species adapted to mesohaline environments and non-consolidated substrates, in order to make up for the lack of indicator species for some areas such as Patos Lagoon and Itajaí-Açu estuaries.O imposex em moluscos gastrópodes é um eficiente biomarcador de baixo custo para contaminação por compostos orgânicos de estanho. Esses compostos são tipicamente encontrados em áreas com intenso fluxo de embarcações, como marinas e terminais portuários. O presente estudo verificou preliminarmente a ocorrência de imposex em populações de Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1758) ao longo das áreas sob a influência dos principais terminais portuários do sul do Brasil(Paranaguá, PR, São Francisco do Sul, SC, Itajaí, SC, e Rio Grande, RS). Apesar de não confirmados quimicamente, a ocorrência de imposex em todas as áreas estudadas sugere contaminação por compostos orgânicos de estanho, sendo possivelmente tanto maior quanto mais próxima dos portos (ou das fontes). Porém, em razão das limitações de S. haemastoma, é importante avaliar essa resposta em espécies alternativas que suportem ambientes mesohalinos e com substratos não consolidados, possibilitando assim avaliação mais completa de ambientes como os estuários da Lagoa dos Patos e Itajaí-Açu

Tintas anti-incrustantes de terceira geração: novos biocidas no ambiente aquático

Antifouling agentshave been used on vessels and boats since ancient civilizations. Thus, a brief history on the three generations of antifouling paints was provided in the present review. Additionally, information about physic-chemical properties, environmental levels, toxicology and analytical methods was discussed for the 16 “new” booster biocides used as third-generation antifouling paints. The main problems,limitations and future trends related to this subject were also presented. Finally, actions were suggested in order to appraise the current status of the environmental impact caused by these compounds in South America