702 research outputs found
Rural Development and the Flow of Communication
Autor utvrÄuje slijedeÄe komunikacijske potrebe u
razvitku sela: potrebu otvorenog dijaloga i meÄusobnog
povjerenja izmeÄu seljaka i nosilaca informacija,
potrebu prenoĆĄenja novih znanja i vjeĆĄtina
poljoprivrednicima, potrebu suradnje ĆĄire druĆĄtvene
zajednice s lokalnom, seoskom zajednicom i njezinim
dijelovima, te potrebu prevladavanja tzv. komunikacijskih
praznina, tj. potrebu da se Äuje i glas
seljaka.
U nastavku, autor analizira druĆĄtvene dimenzije ruralnog
razvoja s pomoÄu novih komunikacijskih tokova,
ukazujuÄi prije svega na znaÄaj kulturne dimenzije.
Promjene se ne mogu nametnuti ni jednoj
sredini, posebice ne zatvorenoj seoskoj sredini. One
mogu proisteÄi jedino iz dijaloga u kojemu Äe se
poĆĄtivati jezik, kultura, obiÄaji, tradicija i lokalno
kulturno izraĆŸavanje svake sredine. Neovisno o
tome je li komuniciranje vertikalno, horizontalno ili
simultano u sva tri smjera (odozgo gore, odozgo
dolje, horizontalno), komunikacijski tokovi mogu biti
od utjecaja na razvitak sela jedino ako su mediji
dostupni seoskim stanovnicima, ako su primjenljivi
na lokalne prilike, ako su poruke ĆĄto ih mediji
nose ostvarljive s obzirom na lokalne potrebe i
organizacijsku osposobljenost svake seoske sredine.The author establishes the following
communicational needs in the
development of the village: the need
for open dialogue and mutual trust
between the peasant and the bearer
of information, the need for
transmitting new knowledge and
skills to farmers, the need for
cooperation between society in
general and the local, village
community and parts of it, and the
need for overcoming so-called
communicational voids, i.e. the need
for the voice of peasants also to be
heard.
The author also analyses the social
dimensions of development using
new currents of communication,
and indicates primarily the
importance of the cultural
dimension. Change cannot be
imposed upon any environment,
especially not on the closed rural
environment; on the contrary, it
can stem only from a process of
dialogue which respects the
language, culture, customs, tradition
and local cultural expression of
every environment. Regardless of
whether communication takes place
vertically and/or horizontally, or
simultaneously in all three
directions (upwards, downwards,
horizontally), currents of
communication can influence the
development of the village only if
the media are within reach of rural
inhibitants, if they can be applied
to local conditions, and if the
messages the media bear can be
realized with regard to the local
needs and organizational
capabilities of every rural
environment
Living on thin abstractions: more power/economic knowledge
Debates over the role of knowledge and know-how as key economic assets in the contemporary economy, although far from new, are now increasingly couched in terms of a new-found economic immateriality which allows for their costless reproduction and widespread geographical dissemination. In the rush to tie down and reproduce economic know-how in abstract codifiable form, it has become almost baffling to argue that our stock of economic knowledge may rest upon affects as much as analysis, expressive symbolism as much as abstract symbolism. This paper is an attempt to think through how such 'elusive' economic knowledges may be grasped, yet neither formalized nor codified in abstract terms. It is also a plea to consider the geography of economic knowledge outside of the tacit - explicit distinction
Displaying desire and distinction in housing
The article discusses the significance of cultural capital for the understanding of the field of housing in contemporary Britain. It explores the relationship between housing and the position of individuals in social space mapped out by means of a multiple correspondence analysis. It considers the material aspects of housing and the changing contexts that are linked to the creation and display of desire for social position and distinction expressed in talk about home decoration as personal expression and individuals' ideas of a `dream house'. It is based on an empirical investigation of taste and lifestyle using nationally representative survey data and qualitative interviews. The article shows both that personal resources and the imagination of home are linked to levels of cultural capital, and that rich methods of investigation are required to grasp the significance of these normally invisible assets to broaden the academic understanding of the field of housing in contemporary culture
Disease Introduction Is Associated With a Phase Transition in Bighorn Sheep Demographics
Ecological theory suggests that pathogens are capable of regulating or limiting host population dynamics, and this relationship has been empirically established in several settings. However, although studies of childhood diseases were integral to the development of disease ecology, few studies show population limitation by a disease affecting juveniles. Here, we present empirical evidence that disease in lambs constrains population growth in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) based on 45 years of populationâlevel and 18 years of individualâlevel monitoring across 12 populations. While populations generally increased (λ = 1.11) prior to disease introduction, most of these same populations experienced an abrupt change in trajectory at the time of disease invasion, usually followed by stagnantâtoâdeclining growth rates (λ = 0.98) over the next 20 years. Diseaseâinduced juvenile mortality imposed strong constraints on population growth that were not observed prior to disease introduction, even as adult survival returned to preâinvasion levels. Simulations suggested that models including persistent diseaseâinduced mortality in juveniles qualitatively matched observed population trajectories, whereas models that only incorporated allâage disease events did not. We use these results to argue that pathogen persistence may pose a lasting, but underârecognized, threat to host populations, particularly in cases where clinical disease manifests primarily in juveniles
Education, knowledge, and symbolic form
This article aims to introduce Ernst Cassirer, and his philosophy of symbolic form, to education studies, and, in doing so, to challenge the widespread but deeply flawed views of knowledge and so-called knowledge-based education that have shaped recent education policy in England. After sketching the current educational landscape, and then some of the main lines of flight in Cassirerâs work, time is given to a comparison with Heideggerâa more familiar figure by far in Anglophone philosophy than Cassirer, and who contributed to the displacement of Cassirerâin order to illustrate more clearly Cassirerâs original contribution, in particular to the relationship between knowledge and time. Cassirerâs view of knowledge stands in marked and critical contrast to that which has shaped recent educational reform in England, as he sees knowledge as a productive and expressive matter, and repudiates what I call the âbuilding-blocksâ picture of knowledge and the hierarchisation of subject areas
Contact Networks and Mortality Patterns Suggest Pneumonia-Causing Pathogens may Persist in Wild Bighorn Sheep
Efficacy of disease control efforts is often contingent on whether the disease persists locally in the host population or is repeatedly introduced from an alternative host species. Local persistence is partially determined by the interaction between host contact structure and disease transmission rates: relatively isolated host groups facilitate pathogen persistence by slowing the rate at which highly transmissible pathogens access new susceptibles; alternatively, isolated host groups impede persistence for pathogens with low transmission rates by limiting the number of available hosts and forcing premature fade-out. Here, we use long-term data from the Hells Canyon region to investigate whether variable host contact patterns are associated with survival outcomes for 46 cohorts of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) lambs subject to recurrent pneumonia outbreaks. We build social contact networks for each lamb cohort, and quantify variation in lamb mortality attributable to populations, years, and groups. We then refine estimates of chronic carriage rates in ewes, and disease-induced mortality rates in lambs, by finding parameters for the disease process that produce lamb morality rates similar to those observed when simulated on the observed host contact networks. Our results suggest that summer lamb hazards are spatially structured at the subpopulation level: 92.5 percent of the variation in lamb hazards during pneumonia outbreak years was attributable to sub-population-level groups, whereas 1.7 percent and 5.6 percent were attributable to year and population, respectively. Additionally, the posterior distribution generated by our disease transmission model suggests that pneumonia-causing pathogens may persist locally in bighorn sheep populations, even during apparently healthy years
Epidemic growth rates and host movement patterns shape management performance for pathogen spillover at the wildlifeâlivestock interface
Managing pathogen spillover at the wildlifeâlivestock interface is a key step towards improving global animal health, food security and wildlife conservation. However, predicting the effectiveness of management actions across hostâpathogen systems with different life histories is an on-going challenge since data on intervention effectiveness are expensive to collect and results are system-specific.We developed a simulation model to explore how the efficacies of different management strategies vary according to host movement patterns and epidemic growth rates. The model suggested that fast-growing, fast-moving epidemics like avian influenza were best-managed with actions like biosecurity or containment, which limited and localized overall spillover risk. For fast-growing, slower-moving diseases like foot-and-mouth disease, depopulation or prophylactic vaccination were competitive management options. Many actions performed competitively when epidemics grew slowly and host movements were limited, and how management efficacy related to epidemic growth rate or host movement propensity depended on what objectivewas used to evaluatemanagement performance. This framework offers one means of classifying and prioritizing responses to novel pathogen spillover threats, and evaluating current management actions for pathogens emerging at the wildlifeâlivestock interface. This article is part of the theme issue âDynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spilloverâ
Mythical Thinking, Scientific Discourses and Research Dissemination
This article focuses on some principles for understanding. By taking Anna Mikulakâs article âMismatches between âscientificâ and ânon-scientificâ ways of knowing and their contributions to public understanding of scienceâ (IPBS 2011) as a point of departure, the idea of demarcation criteria for scientific and non-scientific discourses is addressed. Yet this is juxtaposed with mythical thinking, which is supposed to be the most salient trait of non-scientific discourses. The author demonstrates how the most widespread demarcation criterion, the criterion of verification, is self-contradictory, not only when it comes to logic, but also in the achievement of isolating natural sciences from other forms of knowledge. According to Aristotle induction is a rhetorical device and as far as scientific statements are based on inductive inferences, they are relying on humanities, which rhetoric is a part of. Yet induction also has an empirical component by being based on sense-impressions, which is not a part of the rhetoric, but the psychology. Also the myths are understood in a rhetorical (LĂ©vi-Strauss) and a psychological (Cassirer) perspective. Thus it is argued that both scientific and non-scientific discourses can be mythical
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Metaphor in organizational research: Context, modalities and implications for research introduction
We provide a general overview of previous work which has explored the use of metaphors in organizational research. Differences in focus and form of research on metaphors are noted. Work in organization theory (OT) and organizational communication (OC) generally features prescriptive metaphors that aid the practice of theorizing and research; research in organizational development (OD) tends to use metaphors for intervention in individual and group decision-making; while studies of organizational behaviour (OB) emphasize the metaphors-in-use within individuals' sensemaking accounts of critical events within their organization. Alongside these differences in focus, the form of metaphor analysis also differs across these contexts, ranging from text- and discourse-based analysis to the analysis of non-linguistic modalities such as pictorial signs, gestures and artefacts. Based on our overview of previous work, we call for greater attention to methodological issues around metaphor identification and analysis and outline a number of directions for further research
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