Frequency of TNFA

Polymorphisms in cytokine genes can alter the production of these proteins and consequently affect the immune response. The trihybrid heterogeneity of the Brazilian population is characterized as a condition for the use of ancestry informative markers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of -1031T>C, -308G>A and -238G>A TNFA, +874 A>T IFNG and -819C>T, and -592C>A IL10 gene polymorphisms and their association with malaria vivax and genomic ancestry. Samples from 90 vivax malaria-infected individuals and 51 noninfected individuals from northern Brazil were evaluated. Genotyping was carried out by using ASO-PCR or PCR/RFLP. The genomic ancestry of the individuals was classified using 48 insertion/deletion polymorphism biallelic markers. There were no differences in the proportions of African, European, and Native American ancestry between men and women. No significant association was observed for the allele and genotype frequencies of the 6 SNPs between malaria-infected and noninfected individuals. However, there was a trend toward decreasing the frequency of individuals carrying the TNF-308A allele with the increasing proportion of European ancestry. No ethnic-specific SNPs were identified, and there was no allelic or genotype association with susceptibility or resistance to vivax malaria. Understanding the genomic mechanisms by which ancestry influences this association is critical and requires further study

CYP2D6 Allele Frequency in Five Malaria Vivax Endemic Areas From Brazilian Amazon Region

Funding Information: We acknowledge the participants in the study, without whom this research could not have been done. For laboratorial support the authors wish to show their appreciation to Gabriel Barbosa de Abreu (in memorian). To Norman Ratcliffe for the English revision of this manuscript. Part of this work is described in a Master?s Dissertation by PS, conducted at the Applied Microbiology and Parasitology Post-graduation Program, Federal Fluminense University. Publisher Copyright: © Copyright © 2021 Salles, Perce-da-Silva, Rossi, Raposo, Ramirez Ramirez, Pereira Bastos, Pratt-Riccio, Cassiano, Baptista, Cardoso, Banic and Machado.Genetic variability was linked with individual responses to treatment and susceptibility to malaria by Plasmodium vivax. Polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene may modulate enzyme level and activity, thereby affecting individual responses to pharmacological treatment. The aim of the study was to investigate whether or not CYP2D6 single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1065852, rs38920-97, rs16947 and rs28371725 are unequally distributed in malaria by Plasmodium vivax individuals from the Brazilian Amazon region. The blood samples were collected from 220 unrelated Plasmodium vivax patients from five different endemic areas. Genotyping was performed using SNaPshot® and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. In all five areas, the rs1065852 (CYP2D6*10, C.100C > T), rs3892097 (CYP2D6*4, 1846C > T) and rs16947 (CYP2D6*2, C.2850G > A), as a homozygous genotype, showed the lowest frequencies. The rs28371725 (CYP2D6*41, 2988G > A) homozygous genotype was not detected, while the allele A was found in a single patient from Macapá region. No deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found, although a borderline p-value was observed (p = 0.048) for the SNP rs3892097 in Goianésia do Pará, Pará state. No significant associations were detected in these frequencies among the five studied areas. For the SNP rs3892097, a higher frequency was observed for the C/T heterozygous genotype in the Plácido de Castro and Macapá, Acre and Amapá states, respectively. The distribution of the CYP2D6 alleles investigated in the different areas of the Brazilian Amazon is not homogeneous. Further investigations are necessary in order to determine which alleles might be informative to assure optimal drug dosing recommendations based on experimental pharmacogenetics.publishersversionpublishe

Violacein-Induced Chaperone System Collapse Underlies Multistage Antiplasmodial Activity

Antimalarial drugs with novel modes of action and wide therapeutic potential are needed to pave the way for malaria eradication. Violacein is a natural compound known for its biological activity against cancer cells and several pathogens, including the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Herein, using chemical genomic profiling (CGP), we found that violacein affects protein homeostasis. Mechanistically, violacein binds Pf chaperones, PfHsp90 and PfHsp70-1, compromising the latter's ATPase and chaperone activities. Additionally, violacein-treated parasites exhibited increased protein unfolding and proteasomal degradation. The uncoupling of the parasite stress response reflects the multistage growth inhibitory effect promoted by violacein. Despite evidence of proteotoxic stress, violacein did not inhibit global protein synthesis via UPR activation - a process that is highly dependent on chaperones, in agreement with the notion of a violacein-induced proteostasis collapse. Our data highlight the importance of a functioning chaperone-proteasome system for parasite development and differentiation. Thus, a violacein-like small molecule might provide a good scaffold for development of a novel probe for examining the molecular chaperone network and/or antiplasmodial drug design.publishersversionpublishe

Determinação da infecção em Anopheles por diagnóstico molecular

Responsável por 300 a 500 milhões de novas infecções e 1,5 a 3 milhões de mortes por ano no mundo inteiro, a malária continua sendo a principal doença parasitária. Se importante é o combate contra os parasitos, importante também é o conhecimento dos aspectos de incidência, distribuição, especificidade de hospedeiros, além do conhecimento de fatores biológicos e moleculares que determinam a distribuição destes. Neste cenário, um dos principais parâmetros analisados para o controle e monitoramento da malária é a detecção de espécies de Plasmodium nos vetores capazes de infectarem humanos. Embora existam diversas metodologias com este fim, a maioria delas apresenta algumas limitações. O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver um método que permita a identificação do P. falciparum, do P. malariae e das variantes do P. vivax no vetor. Uma PCR foi padronizada, utilizando iniciadores contra regiões específicas do gene CS. A PCR-RFLP foi utilizada para distinguir as variantes do P. vivax. A eficiência da metodologia desenvolvida foi comparada com uma nested-PCR, utilizando Anopheles infectados experimentalmente. Um total de 90 mosquitos foram infectados artificialmente com P. vivax (n = 30), P. falciparum (n = 30) e P.malariae (n = 30). Estes mosquitos infectados, juntamente com outros 30 não infectados foram avaliados em relação a identificação do Plasmodium por nested PCR e com o CS-PCR. A nested PCR para o P. vivax, P. falciparum e P. malariae identificou 19, 16 e 21 mosquitos positivos, respectivamente; enquanto o CS-PCR detectou em 17, 14 e 16 mosquitos, respectivamente. A comparação entre os dois métodos revelou uma boa concordância (κ = 0,723, 0,867 e 0,657, respectivamente, para P. vivax, P. falciparum...Malaria remains the most serious vector-borne disease, affecting some 300-500 million people annually, causing 1.5-3 million deaths. Is important the fight against the parasites, but it is also important the knowledge of the incidence, host specificity, molecular and biological factors determining the distribution of these parasites. In this scenario, identification of the human-specific Plasmodium species in the mosquito host is an essential component for planning and monitoring of malaria control operations. However, most of the detection methods show some potential limitations. The objective of this study was development an effective assay for detecting Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium vivax variants in Anopheles mosquitoes. A PCR was development targeting the CS gene. A PCR-RFLP was used to distinguish the P. vivax variants VK210, VK247 and P. vivax-like. The new PCR assay was compared against a nested PCR using artificially infected Anopheles mosquitoes. A total of 90 mosquitoes were artificially infected with P. vivax (n = 30), P. falciparum (n = 30) and P. malariae (n = 30). These infected mosquitoes along with another 30 unfed mosquitoes were checked for the identification of Plasmodium by nested PCR and with the CS-PCR. Nested PCR for P. vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae detected positive infection in 19, 16 and 21 mosquitoes respectively; whereas CS-PCR detected in 17, 14 and 16 mosquitoes, respectively. The comparison revealed a close agreement between the two assays (κ = 0.723, 0.867 and 0.657, respectively for P. vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae groups). Subsequently, PCR-RFLP efficiently discriminate P. vivax variants... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Polimorfismos de genes associados à resposta imune humoral em indivíduos naturalmente infectados pelo Plasmodium vivax no Estado do Pará

Malaria is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the tropics and subtropics areas of the world. Although the immunity is only partial, it is important in reducing the amount of illness and death caused by malaria. However, the immunity against malaria is complex, and one of the main goals of vaccine developers is to understand why people differ in their immune response to the parasite. The present research aims to investigate the genetic mechanisms related to humoral immune response against P. vivax blood stages antigens, predominant malaria species in Brazil. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 7 genes (CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, CD86, CD40, CD40L e BLYS) were determined by PCR-RFLP. A total of unrelated 227 individuals infected with P. vivax from the Goianésia do Pará, Pará state, participated in this study. Level and prevalence of IgG antibodies against N-terminal (ICB2-5) and C-terminal (MSP-119) regions of MSP-1, DBP and AMA-1 of P. vivax were measured by ELISA. First, we evaluate the influence of genomic ancestry on distributions of co-stimulatory genes polymorphisms in an admixed Brazilian population using ancestry informative markers. ICOS, CD40L and CD86 polymorphisms were associated with genomic ancestry. There were significant association between CD28 -372G>A, ICOS +1564T>C, and CD40L -726T>C SNPs with antibodies anti-DBP prevalence. Moreover, CD40 -1C>T and CD86 +1057G>A SNPs were associated with antibody levels anti-PvMSP-119. The CD28 -372G>A and CD40 -1C>T SNPs were associated with IgM prevalence against ICB2-5. Haplotypes formed by polymorphisms in CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS genes were associated with IgG4 antibodies against ICB2-5. This is the first study to associate polymorphisms in costimulatory genes with humoral immune response against P. vivax. These data may add important information for understanding the immunological aspects involved in vivax malariaA malária é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade nas áreas tropicais e subtropicais do mundo. O desenvolvimento de uma resposta imune eficaz é capaz de reduzir a mortalidade e os sintomas clínicos da doença. No entanto, este é um processo complexo, e um dos objetivos dos imunologistas é entender as razões pelas quais os indivíduos diferem em suas respostas imunes contra o parasito. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência de polimorfismos em genes coestimulatórios do sistema imune na resposta imune humoral contra proteínas de estágio sanguíneo do Plasmodium vivax, principal espécie causadora de malária no Brasil. Para tanto, nós genotipamos, pelo método de PCR-RFLP, nove SNPs em sete genes (CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, CD86, CD40, CD40L e BLYS). A amostra foi constituída por 227 indivíduos infectados com P. vivax no município de Goianésia do Pará, no Estado do Pará. As respostas de anticorpos IgG específicos contra as proteínas N- (ICB2-5) e C-terminal (MSP-119) da MSP-1, da DBP e da AMA-1 do P. vivax foram determinadas por ELISA. IgM e as subclasses de IgG contra a ICB2-5 também foram avaliadas. Para estudar os polimorfismos dos genes coestimulatórios, nós primeiramente investigamos o impacto da estratificação da população na distribuição dos polimorfismos com o auxilio de marcadores informativos de ancestralidade e demonstramos que a frequência dos SNPs ICOS +1564T>C, CD40L -726T>C e CD86 +1057G>A varia de acordo com a ancestralidade. Polimorfismos em genes coestimulatórios foram associados com a resposta de anticorpos contra proteínas do estágio sanguíneo do P. vivax, mais especificamente contra a DBP, e as porções N- e C-terminal da MSP-1. Além disso, haplótipos formados pelos genes CD28, CTLA4 e ICOS foram associados com a resposta de anticorpos IgG4 contra a região N-terminal da MSP-1. Este é o primeiro estudo de associação genética envolvendo polimorfismos em genes ...Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Circumsporozoite Protein from <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> and its Relationship to Human Malaria

The circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP) is the most abundant polypeptide in the sporozoite covering. This protein is involved in the motility and invasion of the sporozoite during its entrance in the hepatocyte. Plasmodium vivax CSP sequences analyses revealed that parasites have repeats belonging to three types of peptide repeat units, named VK210, VK247 or P. vivax-like, this last differ from the two previously described variants. All P. vivax CS genotypes have a worldwide distribution by genetic and serological evaluation. Studies have also reported differences in the infectivity of anophelines to the variant genotypes, indicating that different malaria vectors were more susceptible to the infection by VK210. These findings could be a consequence of differences in the emergence of this genotype in specific regions around the world. These polymorphisms are associated to the increase of nonregulated inflammatory immune responses, which in turn may be associated with the outcome of infection. Geographic coexistence of these variants increase drug resistance and also recurrent parasite behavior. Knowledge of the P. vivax genome contributed to several discoveries, however, new studies are still needed to evaluate its potential as a promising vaccine target

Frequency of TNFA, INFG, and IL10 Gene Polymorphisms and Their Association with Malaria Vivax and Genomic Ancestry

Polymorphisms in cytokine genes can alter the production of these proteins and consequently affect the immune response. The trihybrid heterogeneity of the Brazilian population is characterized as a condition for the use of ancestry informative markers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of -1031T>C, -308G>A and -238G>A TNFA, +874 A>T IFNG and -819C>T, and -592C>A IL10 gene polymorphisms and their association with malaria vivax and genomic ancestry. Samples from 90 vivax malaria-infected individuals and 51 noninfected individuals from northern Brazil were evaluated. Genotyping was carried out by using ASO-PCR or PCR/RFLP. The genomic ancestry of the individuals was classified using 48 insertion/deletion polymorphism biallelic markers. There were no differences in the proportions of African, European, and Native American ancestry between men and women. No significant association was observed for the allele and genotype frequencies of the 6 SNPs between malaria-infected and noninfected individuals. However, there was a trend toward decreasing the frequency of individuals carrying the TNF-308A allele with the increasing proportion of European ancestry. No ethnic-specific SNPs were identified, and there was no allelic or genotype association with susceptibility or resistance to vivax malaria. Understanding the genomic mechanisms by which ancestry influences this association is critical and requires further study

Os polimorfismos do gene da citocina não estão associados aos níveis de anticorpos IgG anti-PvDBP, anti-PvAMA-1 ou anti-PvMSP-119 em uma área endêmica da malária da Amazônia brasileira

This study was financed by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientí‑ fico e Tecnológico) process number 472135/2012, the Pará State Research Support Foundation (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Pará) and CAPPES. We thank Dr. Irene Soares and Luzia Carvalho for their help in serological analysis. This project was funded by CNPq and Capes.São José do Rio Preto Medical School. Department of Dermatology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.São Paulo State University. Department of Biology. São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.Federal University of Sergipe. Department of Biology. Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology. São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.Federal University of Pará. Institute of Biological Sciences. Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade de Campinas. Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents. Laboratory of Tropical Diseases. Campinas, SP, Brazil.São José do Rio Preto Medical School. Department of Dermatology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil / São Paulo State University. Department of Biology. São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil / Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Pesquisa Básica em Malária. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.The immune response against Plasmodium vivax immunogenic epitopes is regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that determine antibody levels and class switching. Cytokine gene polymorphisms may be responsible for changes in the humoral immune response against malaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether polymorphisms in the TNFA, IFNG and IL10 genes would alter the levels of anti-PvAMA1, PvDBP and -PvMSP119 IgG antibodies in patients with vivax malaria. Methods: Samples from 90 vivax malaria-infected and 51 uninfected subjects from an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to identify polymorphisms of the genes TNFA (-1031T > C, -308G > A, -238G > A), IFNG (+874T > A) and IL10 (-819C > T, -592C > A). The levels of total IgG against PvAMA1, PvDBP and PvMSP-119 were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Associations between the polymorphisms and the antibody response were assessed by means of logistic regression models. Results: No significant differences were found in the levels of IgG antibodies against the PvAMA-1, PvDBP or PvMSP119 proteins in relation to the studied polymorphisms. Conclusions: Although no associations were found among the evaluated genotypes and alleles and anti-merozoite IgG class P. vivax antibody levels, this study helps elucidate the immunogenic profile involved in the humoral immune response in malaria