Examining the Relationships Between College and High School Relational and Physical Victimization and its Effects on Self-Esteem

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the relationship between high school and college peer relational and physical victimization and its effects on self-esteem, as well parallel associations between relational victimization in romantic relationships and its effects on self-esteem. Participants were recruited at a Midwest University to participate in an online study through the Psychology Department wherein they completed a series of questionnaires. A total of 317 college students participated in this study, including 245 females (77%) and 72 males (23%). Participants received extra credit in their psychology class for participating. Self-reports of self-esteem were measured using the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). In assessing peer victimization in high school and college we used two of the three subscales on a peer victimization in high school and college measure. Correlations were run to test for relationships among high school and college self- reports of peer relational and physical victimization, self-esteem, and relational victimization in romantic relationships. All the correlations were in the expected direction, and all but two were significant. Three hierarchical multiple regression analyses were also conducted on the outcome variable of college self-esteem as predicted by type of victimization and two of the models were significant. This research suggests the importance of understanding the long-lasting impact of peer victimization for professionals working with students on mental health issues

Relational and Overt Aggression in Preschool

This research was designed as an initial attempt to assess relational aggression in preschool-age children. Our goal was to develop reliable measures of relational aggression for young children and to use these instruments to address several important issues (e.g., the relation between this form of aggression and social–psychological adjustment). Results provide evidence that relationally aggressive behaviors appear in children\u27s behavioral repertoires at relatively young ages, and that these behaviors can be reliably distinguished from overtly aggressive behaviors in preschool-age children. Further, findings indicate that preschool girls are significantly more relationally aggressive and less overtly aggressive than preschool boys. Finally, results show that relational aggression is significantly related to social–psychological maladjustment (e.g., peer rejection) for both boys and girls

Toward a More Comprehensive Understanding of Peer Maltreatment: Studies of Relational Victimization

Although many past studies of peer maltreatment have focused on physical victimization, the importance of an empirical focus on relational victimization has only recently been recognized. In relational victimization, the perpetrator attempts to harm the target through the manipulation of relationships, threat of damage to them, or both. We review what is currently known about relational victimization with three issues in mind: (a) developmental changes in the manifestation of relational victimization, (b) gender differences in the likelihood of being victimized, and (c) evidence that relational victimization is harmful

Relational and Physical Forms of Peer Victimization in Preschool

Recent studies of peer victimization have demonstrated the importance of studying relational as well as physical forms of peer maltreatment for understanding children\u27s social-psychological adjustment problems. Studies in this area have been limited thus far by a focus on school-age children (9–12-year olds). Given the significance of early identification of children\u27s social difficulties for intervention and prevention efforts, this research was designed to assess relational and physical peer victimization among preschool-age children (3–5-year-olds). Results indicated that boys were significantly more physically victimized than girls whereas girls were more relationally victimized. Both relational and physical victims experienced greater adjustment problems than did their peers. Relational victimization contributed unique information about adjustment beyond that provided by physical victimization

An examination of the associations between Internet activities, body positivity content, and eating disorder symptomatology

Previous researchers have established comorbidities between behavioral addictions. Although online media use has been linked to disordered eating, the relationship between Internet addiction and binge eating disorder (BED) has not been examined. Our first aim was to examine the relationship between two types of Internet addiction and BED. It was hypothesized that those high in Internet addiction would report greater BED symptoms than those low in Internet addiction. Our second aim was to examine how online media use and body positivity content relate to various eating disorder symptomatology (EDS). We hypothesized that EDS would be positively correlated to online media use and negatively correlated with exposure to body positivity content. Participants (N = 497) in the study completed an online survey. Hypotheses were generally supported. Analyses found that those higher in compulsive online media use had higher binge eating scores. Also, greater Internet and social media use were associated with greater EDS, and greater exposure to body positivity was associated with lower EDS. Follow-up analyses compared how different online activities correlate with EDS. Limitations and future research of the study are further discussed

Parent Involvement and Views of School Success: The Role of Parents’ Latino and White American Cultural Orientations

We examined ethnicity and cultural orientation as predictors of parents\u27 views of and involvement in children\u27s education, using data gathered from the Latino (n = 74) and non-Latino (17 White and 13 ethnic minority) parents of children in an elementary school\u27s dual-language program. Parents completed a questionnaire that assessed Latino and White American cultural orientations, importance of children\u27s academic and social success, and self- and significant other involvement in children\u27s education. Results indicated that Latino (and other ethnic minority) parents valued academic and social success equally and more strongly than did Whites and that Whites valued social success more strongly than academic success. Latinos also reported greater involvement of significant others. These differences were largely accounted for by cultural orientations. Educational practices that take into account differences in cultural orientations and the involvement of significant others thus seem more likely to improve academic outcomes than do efforts intended to promote the valuing of education

Topology and shape optimization of dissipative and hybrid mufflers

[EN] This article presents a Topology Optimization (TO) method developed for maximizing the acoustic attenuation of a perforated dissipative muffler in the targeted frequency range by optimally distributing the absorbent material within the chamber. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is applied to the wave equation formulated in terms of acoustic pressure (chamber) and velocity potential (central duct, due to the existence of thermal gradients and mean flow) in order to evaluate the acoustic performance of the noise control device in terms of Transmission Loss (TL). Sound propagation through the chamber fibrous material is modelled considering complex equivalent acoustic properties, which vary spatially not only as a function of temperature, but also as a function of the lling density, since non-homogeneous density distributions are considered. The acoustic coupling at the perforated duct is performed by introducing a coordinate-dependent equivalent impedance. The objective function to maximize is expressed as the mean TL in the targeted frequency range. The sensitivities of this function with respect to the filling density of each element in the chamber are evaluated following the standard adjoint method. The Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) is used to update the design variables at each iteration of the TO process, keeping the weight of absorbent material equal or lower than a given value, while maximizing attenuation. Additionally, several particular designs inferred from the topology optimization results are analyzed. For example, the sizing optimization of a number of rings is carried out simultaneously with the aforementioned TO process (density layout). A reactive chamber is added in order to evaluate the TL of a hybrid muffler and its shape optimization is also carried out simultaneously with the aforementioned TO. Results show an increase in the muffler's mean TL at target frequencies, for all cases under study, while the amount of absorbent material used is maintained or even reduced.Ferrándiz-Catalá, B.; Denia, FD.; Martínez Casas, J.; Nadal, E.; Ródenas, JJ. (2020). Topology and shape optimization of dissipative and hybrid mufflers. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. 62(1):269-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-020-02490-xS269284621Allard JF, Atalla N (2009) Propagation of Sound in Porous Media: Modelling Sound Absorbing Materials. Wiley, ChichesterAntebas AG, Denia FD, Pedrosa AM, Fuenmayor FJ (2013) A finite element approach for the acoustic modelling of perforated dissipative mufflers with non-homogeneous properties. Math Comput Model 57:1970–1978Atkinson KE (1989) An Introduction to Numerical Analysis. 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Internal characterization of embankment dams using ground penetrating radar (GPR) and thermographic analysis: A case study of the Medau Zirimilis Dam (Sardinia, Italy)

The stability of embankment dams without an impermeable core depends on the characteristics of the face slab that prevents internal erosion, piping and eventual collapse of the structure. Under a Mediterranean climate, the impermeable asphaltic face slab is subjected to high solar radiation and consequent temperature changes, which can generate the creation of cracks and joints. The Medau Zirimilis Dam, located in the Casteddu River (Sardinia), is an embankment dam that has undergone seepage and continuous repairs in its asphalt face slab. These reparations have been conducted because of the occurrence of cracks and relative movement of different segments of the slab. To evaluate if seepage endangers the integrity of the dam, GPR was used, with different antennas (100, 250 and 500 MHz), along its crest and upstream and downstream faces, and the data were integrated with infrared thermographic images. Although geophysical data do not show structural changes affecting the main dam structure, deformation structures at shallow levels and in particular in the upstream face and along the crest of the dam have been identified. Such deformation affects the road atop the crest, the face slab and underlying levels, resulting in landslides that include material from several meters below the surface. The analysis permitted the identification of the origin of surficial cracks and their effects on the face slab. These sectors, independent of current movement, define the most unstable areas against water level changes that can affect the dam integrity. GPR analysis at the embankments usually has the handicap of high clay content that precludes electromagnetic wave penetration; however, in this case, the obtained resolution and extent of penetration using the different antennas was sufficient, due to the absence of an inner waterproof unit, and permitted the evaluation of the inner structure of the dam and the application of GPR for construction quality surveillance, internal structural characterization and dam monitoring