Millora genètica de la tomaca "valenciana d'El Perelló" per a resistència al virus del mosaic de la tomaca (Tomato mosaic virus, ToMV)

[CA] La tomaca tradicional valenciana és apreciada per les seues propietats organolèptiques que li atorguen un elevat interès comercial. En concret la tomaca ‘Valenciana d’El Perelló’ és cada vegada més apreciada en les superfícies comercials. Aquesta tomaca presenta diferents trets morfològics, agronòmics i de qualitat que la fan atractiva per al llaurador i per al consumidor. No obstant, de vegades presenta problemes d’uniformitat de producció, així com d’altres característiques importants. D’altra banda, aquesta varietat presenta una elevada susceptibilitat a malalties com la causada pel virus del mosaic de la tomaca (ToMV). Així, una forma molt interessant de potenciar aquest cultiu tan valencià, és obtenir varietats més uniformes així com resistents al ToMV. En aquest treball és du a terme tant un programa de selecció així como un programa de millora genètica de la resistència al ToMV de la tomaca ‘Valenciana d’El Perelló’. Es pretén per una banda augmentar la uniformitat de producció i la presencia de trets característics d’aquesta varietat, a la vegada que s’introgressa el gen Tm22 de resistència al ToMV.[EN] Tomato traditional Valencian is appreciated for its organoleptic properties that confer a high commercial interest. In particular the tomato ‘Valenciana d’El Perello’ is increasingly appreciated in the stores. This tomato has different morphological, agronomic and quality traits that make it attractive to the farmer and the consumer. However, sometimes presents problems of uniformity of production, as well as other important features. Moreover, this variety has a high susceptibility to diseases such as caused by the Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Thus, a very interesting way of promoting this Valencian crop, is to achieve more uniform and varieties resistant ToMV. In this work is carried out both a program selection as well as a program of genetic improvement of resistance to ToMV of the tomato ‘Valenciana d’El Perello’. It is intended on the one hand to increase production and uniformity of the characteristics of this variety, while incorporating Tm22 resistance gene ToMV.Aquest treball ha sigut financiat per la Cooperativa Valenciana Unió Protectora d’El Perelló i per el programa d’investigació e innovació Horizonte 2020 de la Unió Europea a través del contrat No. 634561 (TRADITOM)Figás Moreno, MDR.; Martín Hernández, MDLD.; Casanova Calancha, C.; Soler Calabuig, E.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Soler Aleixandre, S. (2020). Millora genètica de la tomaca "valenciana d'El Perelló" per a resistència al virus del mosaic de la tomaca (Tomato mosaic virus, ToMV). En I Congrés de la Tomaca Valenciana: La Tomaca Valenciana d'El Perelló. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 115-127. https://doi.org/10.4995/TOMAVAL2017.2017.6525OCS11512

Estudi de la distribució de quallat en distintes seleccions masals de la "tomaca valenciana d'El Perelló"

[CA] En els últims anys, ha cobrat importància l'interès pel cultiu de les varietats tradicionals d’hortalisses. No obstant això, aquestes presenten una falta de estudis de caracterització i tipificació. Aquests són imprescindibles per detectar factors que dificulten la seua explotació, així com per emprendre programes de millora de les mateixes per augmentar la seva competitivitat i rendibilitat. En aquest treball s'han caracteritzat 3 poblacions de tomaca ‘Valenciana d’El Perelló’. L'objectiu ha estat obtenir informació fenotípica de rellevància en aquest tipus de tomaca. Aquesta informació està sent molt útil per a la seua millora genètica. Així, hem pogut constatar que les poblacions emprades de tomaca ‘Valenciana d’El Perelló’ es caracteritzen per presentar fruits del tipus “masclet” amb una freqüència elevada i un nivell productiu molt acceptable. La menor productivitat de les seleccions assajades en comparació amb el control comercial pareix ser deguda a una concentració de la producció en els 2-3 primers pomells de la planta; i una caiguda dràstica del quallat en els pomells superiors. No obstant, en el programa de selecció i millora de la tomaca ‘Valenciana d’El Perelló’ que s’està realitzant es disposa de seleccions amb una freqüència de masclets molta elevada y una distribució de quallat molt més uniforme.[EN] In recent years, has taken important interest in the cultivation of traditional varieties of vegetables. However, these studies show a lack of characterization and classification. These are essential to identify factors that hinder their operation, as well as to undertake programs to improve them to increase their competitiveness and profitability. In this work we have characterized three populations of ‘Valenciana d’El Perello’ tomato. The aim has been phenotypic information relevant in this type of tomato. This information has been very useful for their breeding. Thus, we have found that the populations used for ‘Valenciana d’El Perello’ tomato are characterized by fruits such as "Masclet" with a high frequency and very productive level acceptable. The lower productivity of the teams tested compared to commercial control seems to be due to a concentration of production in the first 2-3 Pomells plant; and a drastic fall in mincemeat Pomells superiors. However, the program of selection and improvement of the tomato ‘Valenciana d’El Perello’ being made available to teams with a much higher frequency masclets and distribution of more uniform fruit set.Este treball ha sido financiat por la Cooperativa Valenciana Unió Protectora d’El Perelló y por el programa de investigación e innovación Horizonte 2020 de la Unión Europea a través del contrato No. 634561 (TRADITOM)Figás Moreno, MDR.; Martín Hernández, MDLD.; Casanova Calancha, C.; Soler Calabuig, E.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Soler Aleixandre, S. (2020). Estudi de la distribució de quallat en distintes seleccions masals de la "tomaca valenciana d'El Perelló". En I Congrés de la Tomaca Valenciana: La Tomaca Valenciana d'El Perelló. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 73-83. https://doi.org/10.4995/TOMAVAL2017.2017.6523OCS738

Inoculation of cucumber, melón and zucchini varieties with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and evaluation of infection using different methods

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Figás-Moreno, MDR.; Alfaro Fernández, AO.; Font San Ambrosio, MI.; Borràs Palomares, D.; Casanova-Calancha, C.; Hurtado Ricart, M.; Plazas Ávila, MDLO.... (2017). Inoculation of cucumber, melón and zucchini varieties with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and evaluation of infection using different methods. Annals of Applied Biology. 170(3):405-414. doi:10.1111/aab.12344, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12344. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] The disease caused by Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), which is naturally transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, causes important economic losses in cucurbit crops. The availability of simple and efficient inoculation protocols and detection methods is necessary for screening varieties and germplasm collections as well as for breeding populations. We evaluated the infectivity of ToLCNDV inocula prepared using three different buffers for mechanical sap inoculation in a susceptible variety of zucchini. We found that inoculum prepared with buffer III, which contains polyvinylpyrrolidone, is highly efficient for mechanical inoculation, with 100% of plants displaying severe symptoms 21 days post-inoculation. Using this buffer, we mechanically inoculated 19 commercial varieties of cucurbit crops (six of cucumber, six of melon and seven of zucchini), evaluated the evolution of symptoms and diagnosed infection using nine different ToLCNDV detection methods (four based on serology, four based on molecular hybridization and one based on PCR detection). The results revealed that all varieties are susceptible, although cucumber varieties display less severe symptoms than those of melon or zucchini. All detection methods were highly efficient (more than 85% of plants testing positive) in melon and zucchini, but in cucumber, the percentage of positive plants detected with serology and molecular hybridization methods ranged from 20.4% with Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) antiserum, to 78.5% with DNA extract hybridization. Overall, the best detection results were obtained with PCR, with 92.6%, 92.4% and 98.4% cucumber, melon and zucchini plants, respectively, testing positive. When considering the overall results in the three crops, the best serology and molecular hybridization methods were those using Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) antiserum and DNA extract, respectively. The inoculation methodology developed and the information on detection methods are of great relevance for the selection and breeding of varieties of cucurbit crops that are tolerant or resistant to ToLCNDV.Figás-Moreno, MDR.; Alfaro Fernández, AO.; Font San Ambrosio, MI.; Borràs Palomares, D.; Casanova-Calancha, C.; Hurtado Ricart, M.; Plazas Ávila, MDLO.... (2017). Inoculation of cucumber, melón and zucchini varieties with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and evaluation of infection using different methods. Annals of Applied Biology. 170(3):405-414. doi:10.1111/aab.12344S405414170

Fruit composition profile of pepper, tomato and eggplant varieties grown under uniform conditions

[EN] The study of the diversity within and between major Solanaceae crops (pepper, tomato, eggplant) is of interest for the selection and development of balanced diets. We have measured thirty-six major fruit composition traits, encompassing sugars, organic acids, antioxidants and minerals, in a set of 10 accessions per crop for pepper, tomato and eggplant, grown under the same cultivation conditions. The aim was to evaluate the diversity within species and to provide an accurate comparison of fruit composition among species by reducing to a minimum the environmental effect. Pepper, tomato and eggplant had a clearly distinct composition profile. Pepper showed the highest average content in total sugars and organic acids. Fructose and glucose were the major sugar compounds in the three species, although in pepper and tomato sucrose was present only in trace amounts. Citric acid was the major organic acid in pepper and tomato, while in eggplant it was malic acid. Pepper and eggplant had the highest total antioxidant activity. Vitamin C content was much higher in pepper than in tomato and eggplant, while eggplant accumulated high concentrations of chlorogenic acid. Furthermore, eggplant was the species with higher content in most minerals, particularly for K, Mg and Cu, while pepper was the richest in Fe. Due to their complementary nutritional profiles, a combined regular consumption of the three vegetables would supply more than 20% of the Dietary Reference Intake of several of the analysed phytochemicals. The large diversity within each species is of interest for selecting varieties with better nutritional and organoleptic profiles, as well as for breeding new cultivars.This work has been funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 677379 (Linking genetic resources, genomes and phenotypes of Sola-naceous crops; G2PSOL) . Elena RosaMartinez is grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad for a pre-doctoral grant (BES2016077482)Rosa-Martínez, E.; García-Martínez, MD.; Adalid-Martinez, AM.; Pereira-Días, L.; Casanova-Calancha, C.; Soler-Calabuig, E.; Figás-Moreno, MDR.... (2021). Fruit composition profile of pepper, tomato and eggplant varieties grown under uniform conditions. Food Research International. 147:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110531S11314

Variation for Composition and Quality in a Collection of the Resilient Mediterranean 'de penjar' Long Shelf-Life Tomato Under High and Low N Fertilization Levels

[EN] The 'de penjar' tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a group of local varieties from the Spanish Mediterranean region carrying the alc mutation, which provides long shelf-life. Their evolution under low-input management practices has led to the selection of resilient genotypes to adverse conditions. Here we present the first evaluation on nutritional fruit composition of a collection of 44 varieties of 'de penjar' tomato under two N fertilization levels, provided by doses of manure equivalent to 162 kg N ha(-1) in the high N treatment and 49 kg N ha(-1) in the low N treatment. Twenty-seven fruit composition and quality traits, as well as plant yield and SPAD value, were evaluated. A large variation was observed, with lycopene being the composition trait with the highest relative range of variation (over 4-fold) under both N treatments, and significant differences among varieties were detected for all traits. While yield and most quality traits were not affected by the reduction in N fertilization, fruits from the low N treatment had, on average, higher values for hue (5.9%) and lower for fructose (-11.5%), glucose (-15.8%), and total sweetness index (-12.9%). In addition, lycopene and beta-carotene presented a strongly significant genotype x N input interaction. Local varieties had higher values than commercial varieties for traits related to the ratio of sweetness to acidity and for vitamin C, which reinforces the appreciation for their organoleptic and nutritional quality. Highest-yielding varieties under both conditions displayed wide variation in the composition and quality profiles, which may allow the selection of specific ideotypes with high quality under low N conditions. These results revealed the potential of 'de penjar' varieties as a genetic resource in breeding for low N inputs and improving the organoleptic and nutritional tomato fruit quality.This work has been funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 774244 (Breeding for resilient, efficient and sustainable organic vegetable production; BRESOV), by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion under grant agreement no. PCI2019-103375 (project SOLNUE in the framework of the H2020 call SusCrop-ERA-Net; ID#47), and by Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria d'Innovacio, Universitats, Ciencia I Societat Digital) under grant agreement no. AICO/2020/042. ER-M is grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad for a pre-doctoral grant (BES-2016-077482).Rosa-Martínez, E.; Adalid-Martinez, AM.; Alvarado, LE.; Burguet-Belda, R.; García-Martínez, MD.; Pereira-Días, L.; Casanova-Calancha, C.... (2021). Variation for Composition and Quality in a Collection of the Resilient Mediterranean 'de penjar' Long Shelf-Life Tomato Under High and Low N Fertilization Levels. Frontiers in Plant Science. 12:1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.6339571191

Genome wide association mapping for agronomic, fruit quality, and root architectural traits in tomato under organic farming conditions

[EN] Background Opportunity and challenges of the agriculture scenario of the next decades will face increasing demand for secure food through approaches able to minimize the input to cultivations. Large panels of tomato varieties represent a valuable resource of traits of interest under sustainable cultivation systems and for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). For mapping loci controlling the variation of agronomic, fruit quality, and root architecture traits, we used a heterogeneous set of 244 traditional and improved tomato accessions grown under organic field trials. Here we report comprehensive phenotyping and GWAS using over 37,300 SNPs obtained through double digest restriction-site associated DNA (dd-RADseq). Results A wide range of phenotypic diversity was observed in the studied collection, with highly significant differences encountered for most traits. A variable level of heritability was observed with values up to 69% for morphological traits while, among agronomic ones, fruit weight showed values above 80%. Genotype by environment analysis highlighted the strongest genotypic effect for aboveground traits compared to root architecture, suggesting that the hypogeal part of tomato plants has been a minor objective for breeding activities. GWAS was performed by a compressed mixed linear model leading to 59 significantly associated loci, allowing the identification of novel genes related to flower and fruit characteristics. Most genomic associations fell into the region surrounding SUN, OVATE, and MYB gene families. Six flower and fruit traits were associated with a single member of the SUN family (SLSUN31) on chromosome 11, in a region involved in the increase of fruit weight, locules number, and fruit fasciation. Furthermore, additional candidate genes for soluble solids content, fruit colour and shape were found near previously reported chromosomal regions, indicating the presence of synergic and multiple linked genes underlying the variation of these traits. Conclusions Results of this study give new hints on the genetic basis of traits in underexplored germplasm grown under organic conditions, providing a framework for the development of markers linked to candidate genes of interest to be used in genomics-assisted breeding in tomato, in particular under low-input and organic cultivation conditions.This research was supported by the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program for funding this research under grant agreement No 774244 (Breeding for Resilient, Efficient and Sustainable Organic Vegetable Production; BRESOV) and by 'RGV-FAO'project funded by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry. The funding bodies were not involved in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript.Tripodi, P.; Soler Aleixandre, S.; Campanelli, G.; Díez Niclós, MJTDJ.; Esposito, S.; Sestili, S.; Figás-Moreno, MDR.... (2021). Genome wide association mapping for agronomic, fruit quality, and root architectural traits in tomato under organic farming conditions. BMC Plant Biology. 21(1):1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03271-412221

Determinación de las razas del mildiu de la lechuga (Bremia actucae) presentes en los cultivos de lechuga del sureste español

[ES] El hongo Bremia lactucae (mildiu de la lechuga) ocasiona una grave enfermedad en los cultivos de lechuga (Lactuca sativa). En este trabajo describimos las características de esta enfermedad y procedemos a la caracterización de 19 aislados de Bremia lactucae colectados en las zonas de producción de lechuga más importantes del sureste español. Estas son fundamentalmente el Campo de Cartagena, el Valle del Guadalentín, la zona de Aguilas-Mazarrón y la zona de Pulpí-Huercal-Overa. Las caracterizaciones efectuadas hasta el momento indican que la mayoría de los aislados constituyen razas diferentes entre sí y distintas de las razas catalogadas hasta el momento por el IBEB, de forma que se han identificado aislados correspondientes a 11 razas no catalogadas. Sólo seis de los aislados caracterizados coinciden según las inoculaciones realizadas hasta el momento, con la raza BL-24. Los trabajos efectuados aportan información de la composición de razas de B. lactucae en las zonas de producción de lechuga más importantes del estado español. Este conocimiento permitirá elegir por parte de los agricultores aquellas variedades de lechuga más adecuadas para el cultivo en las comarcas citadas, en función de las poblaciones de B. lactucae presentes en campo.Soler Aleixandre, S.; Figás-Moreno, MDR.; Casanova-Calancha, C.; Plazas Ávila, MDLO.; Prohens Tomás, J. (2015). Determinación de las razas del mildiu de la lechuga (Bremia actucae) presentes en los cultivos de lechuga del sureste español. Componentes y Automatización (Interempresas). 321:42-47. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/95455S424732

Characterization of composition traits related to organoleptic and functional quality for the differentiation, selection and enhancement of local varieties of tomato from different cultivar groups

[EN] Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) local varieties are having an increasing demand. We characterized 69 local tomato accessions from eight cultivar groups for proximate composition traits, major sugars, acids and antioxidants. A large diversity was found, with differences among accessions of almost tenfold for lycopene. Significant differences were found among cultivar group means for most traits. The Cherry and Penjar groups generally presented higher dry matter, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, taste index, b-carotene, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity that the other groups. Wide ranges of variation were found within each cultivar group. Positive correlations were found between proximate traits related to taste and antioxidants. The multivariate principal components analysis con- firms the distinct profile of the Cherry and Penjar groups and the large variation within groups. The results will be useful for the differentiation, enhancement and selection of local tomato varieties with improved organoleptic properties and functional quality. 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This work has been funded by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia. Isabel Andujar is grateful to Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for a post-doctoral contract (PAID-10-14).Figás Moreno, MDR.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Raigón Jiménez, MD.; Fita Fernández, AM.; García Martínez, MD.; Casanova Calancha, C.; Borrás, D.... (2015). Characterization of composition traits related to organoleptic and functional quality for the differentiation, selection and enhancement of local varieties of tomato from different cultivar groups. Food Chemistry. 187:517-524. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.083S51752418

Selection and breeding of tomato for organic conditions

[EN] One of the main aims of the H2020 Framework Programme BRESOV project is the development of tomato materials specifically adapted to organic agriculture. Germplasm of potential interest for organic agriculture was assembled in a core collection (CC; 233 accessions) for pre-breeding, and in a breeding set (BS; 217 accessions) for selection and breeding. Both the CC and BS have been characterized for multiple morphological, agronomic, and quality traits under organic conditions in Italy and Spain. Also, the CC and BS, and a collection of EMS mutants have been characterized for tolerance to drought and high temperature. A wide diversity was found in the materials for most traits. Most of the cultivated tomato materials of the CC and BS were also genotyped using the high-throughput ddRAD sequencing technique revealing a high genetic diversity in the collection and allowing the detection of candidate genes and associations for relevant traits under organic conditions. The screening of BS for several diseases (Phytophthora, Fusarium, TSWV, ToMV) has allowed the identification of new sources of tolerance and resistance. A selected set of materials has been screened both in Italy and in Spain under control, drought and low N fertilization conditions, and resilient materials under these conditions have been identified. Hybrids obtained between selected materials has allowed the identification of promising hybrids heterotic for yield and with high fruit quality. In addition, several backcross programmes have been undertaken in order to introduce resistance to several diseases, and advanced backcrosses with introgressed resistances have been obtained. New intraspecific and interspecific hybrids have been developed and tested as rootstocks. Some of them outperformed control rootstocks commonly used for grafting tomato. The new improved tomato materials specifically selected for organic conditions can have a dramatic impact in the production of organically grown tomato.This research has been funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 774244 (BRESOV project).Prohens Tomás, J.; Soler Aleixandre, S.; Tripodi, P.; Campanelli, G.; Sestili, S.; Figás-Moreno, MDR.; Casanova-Calancha, C.... (2022). Selection and breeding of tomato for organic conditions. Acta Horticulturae. 1354:95-103. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2022.1354.1395103135