Avaliação físico-química do leite pasteurizado tipo c produzido e comercializado na região de Tangará da Serra – MT, Brasil - estudo de caso

O leite, do ponto de vista biológico, é considerado como o alimento mais completo devido as suas características nutricionais, com riqueza de proteínas, vitaminas, gorduras, açúcares e sais minerais. Correlacionadas a sua qualidade, a adição de água, de substâncias químicas e o superaquecimento constituem parâmetros a serem investigados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar a qualidade físico-química do leite pasteurizado tipo C produzido e comercializado na região de Tangará da Serra - MT, Brasil. Para tanto, 32 amostras (100%) de duas diferentes marcas comerciais, foram submetidas às seguintes análises físicoquímicas: acidez titulável, teor de gordura, determinação de sólidos totais e não gordurosos, pH, densidade, índice crioscópico, prova de peroxidase, cloretos, peróxido de hidrogênio e cloro. Com base na legislação do DIPOA 32 (100%) amostras atenderam aos padrões físicoquímicos para densidade, teor de sólidos totais não gordurosos, cloretos, cloro e peróxido de hidrogênio, sendo que, peroxidase, 1 (3,1%), acidez titulável, 2 (6,3%), gordura, 2 (6,3%), teor de sólidos totais, 1 (3,1%), índice crioscópico, 5 (15,6%) e, na do Regulamento de Inspeção Industrial e Sanitária de Produtos de Origem Animal - RIISPOA, o pH, 24 (75%), não atenderam ao padrão estabelecido, estando em desacordo com a legislação em vigor

QUALIDADE BACTERIOLÓGICA DE ÁGUA MINERAL COMERCIALIZADA EM TANGARÁ DA SERRA-MT

Diante da constante preocupação com a qualidade de água distribuída para a população, a água mineral se tornou o alvo de pessoas que procuram um estilo de vida saudável, tornando-se então um interessante objeto de pesquisa. Nestas condições, para uma verificação da qualidade da água mineral comercializada na cidade de Tangará da Serra - MT, foi realizada a quantificação de coliformes totais, termotolerantes e bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, além da medição do pH e temperatura de três marcas de água mineral. Para tanto, foram coletadas e analisadas 14 amostras de cada marca de água mineral selecionada, totalizando 42 amostras. A contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes foram realizadas de acordo com a técnica de fermentação em tubos múltiplos, assim como o método de dilui- ção seriada e plaqueamento pela técnica de spread-plate em Plate Count Agar (PCA) para a contagem de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas. Para a medição do pH e temperatura das amostras foi utilizado um medidor de pH (Tecnopon mPA. 210 versão 6,0). Das 42 amostras analisadas, duas (4,8%) amostras obtiveram contagem de coliformes totais, estando uma amostra (2,4%) em desacordo com a legislação vigente. A presença de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas também foi observada em 40,5% (n=17) das amostras, com um índice variando entre 2,3x102 4,3 x 105 UFC/mL. Desta forma, ressalta-se a importância da verificação da qualidade da água mineral comercializada, tendo em vista o seu amplo consumo entre a população, elevando este estudo a interesse de saúde pública

Repetitive somatic embryogenesis from wild passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) anthers

Induction of somatic embryogenesis from in vitro-cultivated anthers represents a recent but poorly understood regeneration pathway for passion fruit species. Here, we aimed to develop an efficient system to produce and proliferate somatic embryos from cultivated anthers of Passiflora cincinnata. The floral buds were categorized into five different developmental stages (DS1 to DS5) according to their length and diameter. Their anthers were then cultured in induction medium at various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.5 μM 6-benzyladenine. The control contained no plant growth regulators. Somatic embryogenesis started from the diploid sporophytic tissues of the anthers and continued indirectly through the formation of yellow and friable embryogenic calluses at 9.1 to 27.1 μM 2,4-D. Embryogenic calluses and primary and secondary embryos were significantly more numerous only when anthers at the DS2 stage were cultivated with 18.1 μM 2,4-D and 4.5 μM 6-benzyladenine. Secondary diploid somatic embryos formed on the surface of primary embryos via direct and repetitive embryogenesis, as well as directly from the hypocotyl of regenerated P. cincinnata emblings. The capacity to induce repetitive somatic embryogenesis represents a promising tool for Passiflora micropropagation

High responsiveness in de novo shoot organogenesis induction of Passiflora cristalina (Passifloraceae), a wild Amazonian passion fruit species

The aim of the present study was to establish a regeneration system via de novo organogenesis from different types of non-meristematic explants of Passiflora cristalina. Leaf, hypocotyl, root segments, cotyledons, and endosperm of P. cristalina seeds were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS)-basal medium, supplemented with different concentrations of 6-Benzyladenine (BA), Thidiazuron (TDZ), or Kinetin (KIN). BA was found to be the most efficient cytokinin in induction of de novo organogenesis from most the explants used in the study. The highest frequencies of adventitious bud formation in the hypocotyl and cotyledon explants were observed in medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L^−1 BA. For leaf and endosperm segments, the best concentration was 2.0 mg L^−1 BA; while for root segments, the highest mean values were observed with 1.0 mg L^−1 KIN. The different morphogenetic responses obtained from each explant source were characterized using light microscopy. P. cristalina revealed a remarkable organogenic potential, with superior production of adventitious shoots compared with the other Passiflora species evaluated elsewhere. These results will be helpful to establish a reproducible and reliable micropropagation protocol, as well as to implement conservationist and biotechnological-based genetic breeding strategies for this wild Passiflora species

In vitro regeneration of triploid plants from mature endosperm culture of commercial passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims)

Due to the triploid nature of endosperm, an embryonic reserve tissue, in vitro culture of endosperm tissues has been considered a direct method for production of polyploids. In the present study, we report the establishment of an in vitro regeneration system from endosperm culture for production of triploid Passiflora edulis plants, the main commercial species of passionfruit. Surface-sterilized endosperms were cultured in MS medium with different concentrations of benzyladenine (BA), thidiazuron (TDZ), and kinetin (KIN). The cultures were maintained in a growth chamber under controlled conditions, for 60 days. Thidiazuron was the only type of cytokinin that induced shoot production in the endosperm tissues; the highest number of shoots was produced in the presence of 4.5 and 9.0 μM TDZ. Flow cytometry and chromosomal analysis confirmed that endosperm-derived plants were triploid. The internal standard, Pisum sativum, and the diploid control, seed-derived Passiflora edulis plants (2n = 2× = 18), showed average DNA quantities of 9.09 and 3.35 pg respectively. Endosperm-derived P. edulis plants showed an average DNA content of 5.10 pg and a chromosome count of 27 (3n = 3× = 27), the same ploidy level as the endosperm (triploid). Our data open new prospects for breeding of passionfruit by means of a stable and reproducible regeneration system from endosperm culture leading to generation of triploid plants

Novel and efficient transformation of wild passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) using sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

Passiflora cincinnata stands out among Passifloraceae because of its medicinal properties and its resistance to pathogens, which promotes its use as a rootstock for other Passiflora species. A valuable strategy for obtaining disease-resistant passion fruit plants is represented by genetic transformation; however, this requires efficient regeneration. Here, we aimed to establish an efficient protocol for generating transgenic passion fruit plants using sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of somatic embryos. The latter were obtained from anthers, sonicated, and exposed to an Agrobacterium suspension for 15 or 30 s. As a comparison, non-sonicated embryos were also exposed to the same bacterial treatment, whereas non-infected embryos were used as controls. Plant identity was confirmed by PCR, qPCR, and histochemical assay. Transgenic plants were obtained at higher rates in the treatments applying sonication. Overall, 171 plantlets were regenerated, 38 of which showed stable uidA reporter gene expression. Of these 38 transgenic plants, 22 (57.89%) and 13 (34.21%) were obtained by sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for 30 s and 15 s, respectively, whereas the remaining 3 (7.89%) were exposed for 30 s but without prior sonication. Our results indicate that sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for 30 s enhanced transformation efficiency in P. cincinnata. We believe that this system will allow for more efficient production of transgenic passion fruit plants

High responsiveness in de novo shoot organogenesis induction of Passiflora cristalina (Passifloraceae), a wild Amazonian passion fruit species

The aim of the present study was to establish a regeneration system via de novo organogenesis from different types of non-meristematic explants of Passiflora cristalina. Leaf, hypocotyl, root segments, cotyledons, and endosperm of P. cristalina seeds were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS)-basal medium, supplemented with different concentrations of 6-Benzyladenine (BA), Thidiazuron (TDZ), or Kinetin (KIN). BA was found to be the most efficient cytokinin in induction of de novo organogenesis from most the explants used in the study. The highest frequencies of adventitious bud formation in the hypocotyl and cotyledon explants were observed in medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L^−1 BA. For leaf and endosperm segments, the best concentration was 2.0 mg L^−1 BA; while for root segments, the highest mean values were observed with 1.0 mg L^−1 KIN. The different morphogenetic responses obtained from each explant source were characterized using light microscopy. P. cristalina revealed a remarkable organogenic potential, with superior production of adventitious shoots compared with the other Passiflora species evaluated elsewhere. These results will be helpful to establish a reproducible and reliable micropropagation protocol, as well as to implement conservationist and biotechnological-based genetic breeding strategies for this wild Passiflora species