2,732 research outputs found
Epidemiology and control of Salmonella in the pork production chain: the approach in a high prevalence country (Spain)
The present study summarises the insights yielded by different studies focused on the epidemiology of the infection by Salmonella through the pig production (breeders, finishers and post-farm stages). The final objective is to determine the best strategies for successful control of Salmonella in a highly prevalent country such as Spain. The study in breeders evidenced a high seroprevalence. There were differences among some of the 10 most common serotypes detected in breeders compared to previous studies in finishers, although the two most common were shared by both populations. Type of feed and type of floor were the factors associated to the presence of Salmonella. A Salmonella Typhimurium inactivated vaccine and two organic acids demonstrated to be good tools to reduce the prevalence in finishers. Finally a study of the contamination in post-farm stages evidenced the high contamination of transport, lairage and the contamination of the slaughter line, accounting for 70% of carcass cross-contamination
Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella 4,5,12:i:- isolated from pig farms in Spain
The genetic diversity of 194 salmonella isolates belonging to different phagetypes of S. Typhimurium and S 4,5, 12:i- isolated from both healthy slaughter (157) and diarrhoea-affected (37) pigs was assessed using molecular typing (plasmid profiling and PFGE). The aim of this study was to elucidate the sources of infection, and to follow the spread of specific clones within the infected farms. In spite of the genetic diversity observed amongst the isolates, some clones were more prevalent and widely distributed in the pig population, being detected in several slaughter batches from the same and different farms. This finding suggests the existence of multiple and recurrent infection sources, as well as mechanisms favouring survival, persistence and spreading of certam clones within and between pig farms
Effect of Particle Interactions on Powder Flow Behavior
The study of powder flow behavior is essential for the development of processing technologies in many industries. In fact, powders have a major function in diverse types of manufacturing, such as pharmaceuticals, foods, chemicals, materials, minerals and cosmetics. This leads to an increasing demand for the development of reliable methods to assess powder flow problems in industry. This research intends to provide a general insight into how surface interactions and particle properties may alter powder flowability. The materials used for this study were lactose, starch, milk powder, cocoa and chocolate. These vary in their interparticle forces as well as on their manufacturing process. Powder flow behavior of these materials was measured by using a 502 Twin Drive Anton Paar Modular Compact Rheometer. The collected sets of data were used to identify how particle characteristics affect powder flow behavior. The results suggest that powder flow is affected by a combination of particle size, morphology, environmental conditions and composition. The obtained flowability profiles were compared with previous results obtained using the Freeman FT4 Powder Rheometer. Although the flow tendency is somewhat similar, the results have some differences that are attributed to the principle of operation of each of the measurement systems. The findings represent a starting point for the understanding of particle interactions involved in complex materials. It is envisioned that the results will assist in the development of models to predict how to alter particle characteristics, using processing techniques and additives, in order to tune in a desired powder flow behavior
High-pressure synthesis of rock salt LiMeO2-ZnO (Me = Fe3+, Ti3+) solid solutions
Metastable LiMeO2-ZnO (Me = Fe3+, Ti3+) solid solutions with rock salt
crystal structure have been synthesized by solid state reaction of ZnO with
LiMeO2 complex oxides at 7.7 GPa and 1350-1450 K. Structure, phase composition,
thermal stability and thermal expansion of the recovered samples have been
studied by X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation. At ambient pressure
rock salt LiMeO2-ZnO solid solutions are kinetically stable up to 670-800 K
depending on the composition.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl
Study of CeNi4Mn by neutron diffraction
We report neutron diffraction measurements on CeNi4Mn, which has recently
been identified as a soft ferromagnet (Tc ~ 140 K) with a sizeable
spin-transport polarization. Our data show conclusively that the Mn atoms
occupy a unique site (4c) in the unit cell, which has the symmetry of the cubic
MgCu4Sn-type structure. We infer a moment of 4.6 mu_B on Mn at 17 K, which is
oriented ferromagnetically along the {101} plane. The amplitude of the Mn
vibrational motion is found to be larger than that of Ce and Ni atoms at all
temperatures, thereby lending support to theoretical prediction of rattling
phonon modes in this compound.Comment: Accepted for publication in Solid State Commu
Evaluation of cleaning and disinfection procedures against Samonella enterica at swine farms, transport and lairage facilities
Evaluation of the cleaning and disinfection protocols effectiveness against Salmonella in three points of the pork production chain: finishing farm, transport and lairage. A 22.2% of the farms, 62.5% of the slaughter trucks and 63.6% of the holding pens tested were positive to Salmonella after cleaning and disinfection procedures
Crystal structure and high-field magnetism of La2CuO4
Neutron diffraction was used to determine the crystal structure and magnetic
ordering pattern of a La2CuO4 single crystal, with and without applied magnetic
field. A previously unreported, subtle monoclinic distortion of the crystal
structure away from the orthorhombic space group Bmab was detected. The
distortion is also present in lightly Sr-doped crystals. A refinement of the
crystal structure shows that the deviation from orthorhombic symmetry is
predominantly determined by displacements of the apical oxygen atoms. An
in-plane magnetic field is observed to drive a continuous reorientation of the
copper spins from the orthorhombic b-axis to the c-axis, directly confirming
predictions based on prior magnetoresistance and Raman scattering experiments.
A spin-flop transition induced by a c-axis oriented field previously reported
for non-stoichiometric La2CuO4 is also observed, but the transition field (11.5
T) is significantly larger than that in the previous work
Magnetic order and spin fluctuations in the spin liquid TbSnO.
We have studied the spin liquid TbSnO by neutron diffraction and specific heat measurements. Below about 2 K, the magnetic correlations change from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic. Magnetic order settles in two steps, with a smeared transition at 1.3(1) K then an abrupt transition at 0.87(2) K. A new magnetic structure is observed, not predicted by current models, with both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic character. It suggests that the spin liquid degeneracy is lifted by dipolar interactions combined with a finite anisotropy along axes. In the ground state, the Tb ordered moment is reduced with respect to the free ion moment (9 ). The moment value of 3.3(3) deduced from the specific heat is much smaller than derived from neutron diffraction of 5.9(1) . This difference is interpreted by the persistence of slow collective magnetic fluctuations down to the lowest temperatures
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