EDITOR\u27S CORNER

1980 - Explorations begins a new decade. Surprise! In terms of the longevity of professional and scholarly journals, and statistically, the journal should have folded. Instead, Explorations moves ahead with optimism and starts the new decade with a sense of pride and accomplishment. If Explorations survives until January, 1990, we will know that Ethnic Studies has survived

For What it’s Worth: The Political Construction of Quality in French and Italian Wine Markets

At the heart of political organization, we find weak and atomized individuals who aggregate their power to challenge concentrated power. Wine politics show us that within market economies we find the same political movements. Markets, like politics, consist of institutions that differentially embed, codify and distribute power. In the case of France, small, individually weak wine producers became powerful in the aggregate; unified French grape growers came together to force a deal with the economically dominant wine merchants. Their joint political power was institutionalized in power-sharing, state-backed corporatist producer organizations. In contrast, small Italian producers failed to cooperate systematically and aggregate their power. Stronger organization enabled the construction of an institutional comparative advantage and higher prices for regulated French terroir wines. Economic sociologists claim markets are ‘socially embedded’. This article demonstrates markets are ‘politically embedded’: French market dominance results from effective power sharing mechanisms across the supply chain.1. Introduction 2. Information and power: previous literature on quality signaling, supply chain structure and producer organization 3. Data and methods 4. A comparison of the French and Italian wine markets 5. Market failures in the supply chain 6. French wine: the politics of value construction 7. Italian wine politics 8. Conclusions Footnotes Acknowledgements Reference

ETHNICITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS: AN ORGANIZATIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL PERSPECTIVE

Article I of the Universal Declaration of Human rights adopted by the United Nations in December, 1948, holds: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article II stipulates that everyone is entitled to the rights set forth in the Declaration without distinction of any kind, including race, colour, sex, language. In the view of many American ethnic people the question of human rights and ethnicity has been and still is one of the most neglected aspects of the revival of ethnicity as a factor in American life. In fact, in some ethnic circles there is concern that the issue of human rights is overly abstract and international, and that ethnic groups need to concentrate on American issues

State-Supported Terrorism and the U.S. Courts: Some Foreign Policy Problems

Terrorism is an evil that the United States and other civilized countries should combat aggressively. Fortunately, these countries have many tools they can use in their fight against terrorism, among them military force (as we have just demonstrated in Afghanistan), covert actions, and a variety of economic sanctions against a country or group that supports terrorists. These sanctions - which would preferably be applied in union with other countries, though unilaterally if necessary - can include freezing assets, as well as ending or limiting U.S. government programs (ranging from landing rights to foreign aid), cutting off exports to or imports from the country supporting terrorists, denying it credit or investment funds, and working in the multilateral banks to block loans to the country

Looking for a Better Way: the Sanction Laws of Key U.S. Allies

When it comes to imposing economic sanctions for foreign policy purposes, the Chief Executives of the United Kingdom, West Germany, andJapan have broad authority to control their respective countries\u27 exports, imports, and private financial transactions. This authority differs from that of the U.S. President who, under present U.S. law, has wide discretion to cut off almost all exports, but has only limited control over imports and over foreign loans by private U.S. banks. This is in the absence of a declared national emergency, where the President has sweeping powers

[Review of] David R. Weber (Ed.), Civil Disobedience in America, A Documentary History

Here is an important book which should be on the required reading list of all Americans. It is imperative reading for ethnic and minority group members. In this anthology, Mr. Weber gets to one of the fundamental issues in American society, liberty of conscience, and what the individual should do if civil authority clashes with conscience. The dualistic nature of justice in American society--one code for the whites, one for minorities; one for the rich, and one for the poor--makes this book as relevant to individual Americans today as it might have been at any point in American history

International Economic Sanctions: Improving the Haphazard U.S. Legal Regime

The United States has resorted increasingly to economic sanctions as a major tool in its foreign policy. Recent targets include Panama, South Africa, Nicaragua, Libya, the Soviet Union, Poland, and Iran. These sanctions encompass controls on government programs (such as foreign aid), US. exports, imports, private financial transactions, and assistance by international financial institutions. In this Article, Professor Carter demonstrates that the present US. legal regime governing the use of sanctions for foreign policy reasons is haphazard and in need of reform. Current US. laws provide the President with nearly unfettered authority to cut off government programs and exports, but very little nonemergency authority in other areas, such as the regulation of imports and private financial transactions. This imbalance either skews presidential decisionmaking toward the use of easily imposed sanctions that might not be in the best interests of the United States, or encourages presidential declarations of dubious national emergencies to invoke his sweeping emergency powers. Professor Carter proposes thoroughgoing but selective reform of the present legal regime. He recommends correcting the disparity in the President\u27s nonemergency authority by substantially increasing the President\u27s authority over imports and private financial transactions, while reducing the control over exports. He also proposes trimming the President\u27s ability to employ emergency powers for imposing economic sanctions

EDITOR\u27S CORNER

Since the inception of NAIES, the matter of the organization serving as a communications network has been one of some concern. The need for this kind of activity within the Association is self-evident. When a program, person, or institution encounters difficulty, the existence of a vehicle which can bring to bear external pressure can often be extremely useful. Some might raise the question of being seen as an “outside agitator,” but given the scope of the membership of NAIES, this kind of pressure can often be brought from closeby. The matter of a network for communication also opens the door to increased community involvement. While a minority community might not understand the internal intrigues of academic harassment, they should and can understand attempts to undermine ethnic and minority programs, from whatever source, especially from a media element

EDITOR\u27S CORNER

What will remain of Ethnic Studies in the 1980\u27s? At the 7th Annual Conference on Ethnic and Minority Studies, away from the formal sessions and speakers, one heard a good deal of gloom and doom regarding the future of Ethnic Studies. The same dismal theme was present at several other major national conferences held during Spring 1979. It would be easy to conclude that Ethnic Studies is on its last legs and quietly will fade into oblivion

Fuel optimal maneuvers of spacecraft about a circular orbit

Fuel optimal maneuvers of spacecraft relative to a body in circular orbit are investigated using a point mass model in which the magnitude of the thrust vector is bounded. All nonsingular optimal maneuvers consist of intervals of full thrust and coast and are found to contain at most seven such intervals in one period. Only four boundary conditions where singular solutions occur are possible. Computer simulation of optimal flight path shapes and switching functions are found for various boundary conditions. Emphasis is placed on the problem of soft rendezvous with a body in circular orbit