Effect of delivery method on the efficacy of Salmonella vaccination in chickens

To investigate whether the efficacy of live vaccines is influenced by the mode of vaccine delivery, a widely-used UK live commercial Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine was delivered to pullet chicks either by spray, in drinking water, or in combination with a bivalent vaccine containing inactivated Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. The birds were subsequently challenged with 102 or 108 colony-forming units (cfu) of Salmonella Enteritidis through drinking water at either six or 20 weeks of age. Ten days after the challenge, the birds were euthanased and their caecal contents cultured for Salmonella. All of the vaccinated groups contained fewer Salmonella Enteritidis-positive birds than the unvaccinated groups. The ‘spray-vaccinated’ group contained significantly fewer Salmonella Enteritidis-positive birds than the ‘water-vaccinated’ group after challenge with 108 cfu at 20 weeks. However, there was little or no difference at the other challenge time points between the groups that received vaccine through different modes of delivery

A taxonomy of information-centric networking architectures based on data routing and name resolution approaches

This study presents a vast coverage of current Information-Centric Network (ICN) submission by evaluating eight distinct and popular routing and name resolution approaches.Internet build-up and initial deposition were based on a host-driven approach.With the increasing demands for mediadriven data flooding the cost of the Internet, a new semantic and paradigm shift was envisioned known as ICN.Information Centrism is an approach that partly dissociates the host dependencies by referring to contents by unique identifiers called name.However, to benefit from the content network, forwarding, naming and routing, among other issues are still in its developmental stages.The taxonomy serves as a basis for research directions, challenges, implementation and future studies for standardizing the ICN routing and naming. Routing and Name Resolution were themed in categories of strategies, contributions, issues and drawbacks. The major findings of this paper are providing a classification and review of the data routing and name resolutions approaches that are proposed on eight ICN architectures; presenting drawback areas in the selected architectures; and finally highlighting some challenges of ICN routing for the ICN research community vending

Prevalence and risk factors for carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli on household and small-scale chicken farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among commensal Escherichia coli isolates on household and small-scale chicken farms, common in southern Vietnam, and to investigate the association of antimicrobial resistance with farming practices and antimicrobial usage. Methods: We collected data on farming and antimicrobial usage from 208 chicken farms. E. coli was isolated from boot swab samples using MacConkey agar (MA) and MA with ceftazidime, nalidixic acid or gentamicin. Isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials and for ESBL production. Risk factor analyses were carried out, using logistic regression, at both the bacterial population and farm levels. Results: E. coli resistant to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins was detected on 201 (96.6%), 191 (91.8%) and 77 (37.0%) of the farms, respectively. Of the 895 E. coli isolates, resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins was detected in 178 (19.9%), 291 (32.5%) and 29 (3.2%) of the isolates, respectively. Ciprofloxacin resistance was significantly associated with quinolone usage (OR = 2.26) and tetracycline usage (OR = 1.70). ESBL-producing E. coli were associated with farms containing fish ponds (OR = 4.82). Conclusions: Household and small farms showed frequent antimicrobial usage associated with a high prevalence of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobials. Given the weak biocontainment, the high prevalence of resistant E. coli could represent a risk to the environment and to humans

Untersuchungen zur enzymatischen Modifizierung von ausgewaehlten nachwachsenden lignocellulosen Rohstoffen zur energie- und umweltfreundlichen Werkstoffherstellung Abschlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F99B321 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekFachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V., Guelzow (Germany)DEGerman