Combination throttle and shutoff valve

Combination of translating sleeve throttle valve and conventional poppet valve provides capability of shutting off flow completely by poppet and sleeve control of the rate of flow. Integration of the two concepts can be accomplished without difficulty and in a manner that requires a minimum of development

WETLANDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ISSUES

The federal government program for wetlands regulation is administered by the United States Army Corps of Engineers pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Proposals for amending and/or reforming the Section 404 program are included in Congressional deliberations regarding Clean Water Act reauthorization. Specific issues of public policy include the definition of "waters of the United States", criteria for delineation of jurisdictional wetlands, definition of activities exempt from regulation, mitigation and classification of wetlands, and issues of property rights.Wetlands regulation, Wetlands delineation, Wetlands classification, Property rights, Wetlands policy, Wetlands migration, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use,

AGRICULTURE AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY: THE FLORIDA EXPERIENCE

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Long life, low cost ball valve, with lifted seals and cartridge type construction

Ball valve design incorporates modular construction in easy-to-install, easy-to-replace cartridge housing, and a system of cams to lift upstream and downstream seals away from the ball during rotation. Tests conducted on nitrogen tetroxide prove new valve to be more efficient than previous models in preventing leakage

ISSUES IN WATER ALLOCATION: WHO GETS TO USE HOW MUCH FOR WHAT?

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: A SUMMARY OVERVIEW

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which was signed into law on January 1, 1970, has come to be regarded as the first major piece of federal legislation to call for comprehensive attention to environmental concerns in the United States. During the two decades following enactment of NEPA, Congress adopted and then refined major legislation on nearly every aspect of environmental quality concerns: air pollution, water pollution, drinking water quality, hazardous waste management, wildlife protection, pesticide use, and several related problem areas. Current arguments for environmental regulatory reform are a phase in the continuing evolution of this body of federal environmental policy.Environmental policy, Environmental regulation, Regulatory reform, Environmental Economics and Policy,

NATURAL RESOURCES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Community/Rural/Urban Development,

Effect of acute dietary nitrate consumption on submaximal oxygen consumption and oxidative stress in hypoxia

Reduced partial pressure of oxygen impairs exercise performance at altitude. Acute nitrate supplementation, at sea level may reduce oxygen cost during submaximal exercise in hypoxia. Therefore, we investigated the metabolic response during exercise at altitude following acute nitrate consumption. Ten well-trained (61.01±7.37 ml/kg/min) males (age 28±7 yr) completed 3 experimental trials (T1, T2, T3). T1 included baseline demographics, a maximal aerobic capacity test (VO2max) and five submaximal intensity cycling determination bouts at an elevation of 1600m. A 4-day dietary washout, minimizing consumption of nitrate rich foods, preceded T2 and T3. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion, subjects consumed a placebo (PL) or nitrate rich (NR) beverage 2.5 hours prior to T2 and T3. Exercise at 3500m (T2 and T3) consisted of a 5-min warm-up (25% VO2max) and four 5-min cycling bouts (40, 50, 60, 70% of VO2max) each separated a 4-min rest period. Cycling RPM and watts for each submaximal bout were determined during T1. Pre-exercise plasma nitrite was elevated following NR consumption compared to PL (p\u3c0.05). Oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, oxygen saturation, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were not different at any submaximal intensity between NR and PL treatments. Blood lactate, however, was reduced following NR consumption compared to PL at 40 and 60% of VO2max (p\u3c.0.05). Following exercise, compared to rest, catalase and 8-isoprostane increased at 3500m in both the placebo and nitrate rich groups (p\u3c0.05). There was no difference between groups (placebo vs nitrate rich) for either of these markers of oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that acute nitrate supplementation prior to exercise at 3500m does not reduce oxygen cost or oxidative stress, but may reduce lactate production at lower intensity workloads

The World of Elagabalus

After his assassination in 222 the Roman Emperor Elagabalus served as Rome\u27s whipping boy--an embodiment of all the vices that led to the decline and fall of Rome; but through placing his policies in the context of a a Julio-Severan Dynasty, the religious boundaries that he disregarded reveal a Varian Moment as a critical period in the Easternization of Roman religion which makes him one of the the most significant figures in Roman history