202 research outputs found
The Height of a Giraffe
A minor modification of the arguments of Press and Lightman leads to an
estimate of the height of the tallest running, breathing organism on a
habitable planet as the Bohr radius multiplied by the three-tenths power of the
ratio of the electrical to gravitational forces between two protons (rather
than the one-quarter power that Press got for the largest animal that would not
break in falling over, after making an assumption of unreasonable brittleness).
My new estimate gives a height of about 3.6 meters rather than Press's original
estimate of about 2.6 cm. It also implies that the number of atoms in the
tallest runner is very roughly of the order of the nine-tenths power of the
ratio of the electrical to gravitational forces between two protons, which is
about 3 x 10^32.Comment: 12 pages, LaTe
Comparison of s- and d-wave gap symmetry in nonequilibrium superconductivity
Recent application of ultrafast pump/probe optical techniques to
superconductors has renewed interest in nonequilibrium superconductivity and
the predictions that would be available for novel superconductors, such as the
high-Tc cuprates. We have reexamined two of the classical models which have
been used in the past to interpret nonequilibrium experiments with some
success: the mu* model of Owen and Scalapino and the T* model of Parker.
Predictions depend on pairing symmetry. For instance, the gap suppression due
to excess quasiparticle density n in the mu* model, varies as n^{3/2} in d-wave
as opposed to n for s-wave. Finally, we consider these models in the context of
S-I-N tunneling and optical excitation experiments. While we confirm that
recent pump/probe experiments in YBCO, as presently interpreted, are in
conflict with d-wave pairing, we refute the further claim that they agree with
s-wave.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figure
Chemical imaging of living cells by synchrotron infrared microspectrometry
Chemical mapping of proteins and lipids inside a single living cell and at a resolution of a few microns, has been performed using synchroton infrared microspectrometry. Modifications of the chemical distributions upon mitosis and necrosis has been investigated
Constraints on diffuse neutrino background from primordial black holes
We calculated the energy spectra and the fluxes of electron neutrino emitted
in the process of evaporation of primordial black holes (PBHs) in the early
universe. It was assumed that PBHs are formed by a blue power-law spectrum of
primordial density fluctuations. We obtained the bounds on the spectral index
of density fluctuations assuming validity of the standard picture of
gravitational collapse and using the available data of several experiments with
atmospheric and solar neutrinos. The comparison of our results with the
previous constraints (which had been obtained using diffuse photon background
data) shows that such bounds are quite sensitive to an assumed form of the
initial PBH mass function.Comment: 18 pages,(with 7 figures
Anomalous metamagnetism in the low carrier density Kondo lattice YbRh3Si7
We report complex metamagnetic transitions in single crystals of the new low
carrier Kondo antiferromagnet YbRh3Si7. Electrical transport, magnetization,
and specific heat measurements reveal antiferromagnetic order at T_N = 7.5 K.
Neutron diffraction measurements show that the magnetic ground state of
YbRh3Si7 is a collinear antiferromagnet where the moments are aligned in the ab
plane. With such an ordered state, no metamagnetic transitions are expected
when a magnetic field is applied along the c axis. It is therefore surprising
that high field magnetization, torque, and resistivity measurements with H||c
reveal two metamagnetic transitions at mu_0H_1 = 6.7 T and mu_0H_2 = 21 T. When
the field is tilted away from the c axis, towards the ab plane, both
metamagnetic transitions are shifted to higher fields. The first metamagnetic
transition leads to an abrupt increase in the electrical resistivity, while the
second transition is accompanied by a dramatic reduction in the electrical
resistivity. Thus, the magnetic and electronic degrees of freedom in YbRh3Si7
are strongly coupled. We discuss the origin of the anomalous metamagnetism and
conclude that it is related to competition between crystal electric field
anisotropy and anisotropic exchange interactions.Comment: 23 pages and 4 figures in the main text. 7 pages and 5 figures in the
supplementary materia
Detection Limits for Super-Hubble Suppression of Causal Fluctuations
We investigate to what extent future microwave background experiments might
be able to detect a suppression of fluctuation power on large scales in flat
and open universe models. Such suppression would arise if fluctuations are
generated by causal processes, and a measurement of a small suppression scale
would be problematic for inflation models, but consistent with many defect
models. More speculatively, a measurement of a suppression scale of the order
of the present Hubble radius could provide independent evidence for a
fine-tuned inflation model leading to a low-density universe. We find that,
depending on the primordial power spectrum, a suppression scale modestly larger
than the visible Horizon can be detected, but that the detectability drops very
rapidly with increasing scale. For models with two periods of inflation, there
is essentially no possibility of detecting a causal suppression scale.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, revtex, In Press Physical Review D 200
Inflation: flow, fixed points and observables to arbitrary order in slow roll
I generalize the inflationary flow equations of Hoffman and Turner to
arbitrary order in slow roll. This makes it possible to study the predictions
of slow roll inflation in the full observable parameter space of tensor/scalar
ratio , spectral index , and running . It also becomes
possible to identify exact fixed points in the parameter flow. I numerically
evaluate the flow equations to fifth order in slow roll for a set of randomly
chosen initial conditions and find that the models cluster strongly in the
observable parameter space, indicating a ``generic'' set of predictions for
slow roll inflation. I comment briefly on the the interesting proposed
correspondence between flow in inflationary parameter space and renormalization
group flow in a boundary conformal field theory.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures. LaTeX. V4: Fixed important error in numerical
constant in the second-order slow roll expressions for the observables r, n,
and dn/dlog(k). See footnote after Eq. (48). New figures, minor changes to
conclusions. Supersedes version published in Phys. Rev.
Equation of state for Universe from similarity symmetries
In this paper we proposed to use the group of analysis of symmetries of the
dynamical system to describe the evolution of the Universe. This methods is
used in searching for the unknown equation of state. It is shown that group of
symmetries enforce the form of the equation of state for noninteracting scaling
multifluids. We showed that symmetries give rise the equation of state in the
form and energy density
, which
is commonly used in cosmology. The FRW model filled with scaling fluid (called
homological) is confronted with the observations of distant type Ia supernovae.
We found the class of model parameters admissible by the statistical analysis
of SNIa data. We showed that the model with scaling fluid fits well to
supernovae data. We found that and (), which can correspond to (hyper) phantom fluid, and to a
high density universe. However if we assume prior that
then the favoured model is close to concordance
CDM model. Our results predict that in the considered model with
scaling fluids distant type Ia supernovae should be brighter than in
CDM model, while intermediate distant SNIa should be fainter than in
CDM model. We also investigate whether the model with scaling fluid is
actually preferred by data over CDM model. As a result we find from
the Akaike model selection criterion prefers the model with noninteracting
scaling fluid.Comment: accepted for publication versio
Could supermassive black holes be quintessential primordial black holes?
There is growing observational evidence for a population of supermassive
black holes (SMBHs) in galactic bulges. We examine in detail the conditions
under which these black holes must have originated from primordial black holes
(PBHs). We consider the merging and accretion history experienced by SMBHs to
find that, whereas it is possible that they were formed by purely astrophysical
processes, this is unlikely and most probably a populations of primordial
progenitors is necessary. We identify the mass distribution and comoving
density of this population and then propose a cosmological scenario producing
PBHs with the right properties. Although this is not essential we consider PBHs
produced at the end of a period of inflation with a blue spectrum of
fluctuations. We constrain the value of the spectral tilt in order to obtain
the required PBH comoving density. We then assume that PBHs grow by accreting
quintessence showing that their mass scales like the horizon mass while the
quintessence field itself is scaling. We find that if scaling is broken just
before nucleosynthesis (as is the case with some attractive non-minimally
coupled models) we obtain the appropriate PBH mass distribution. Hawking
evaporation is negligible in most cases, but we also discuss situations in
which the interplay of accretion and evaporation is relevant.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figure
Materiel Command and the Materiality of Commands: An Historical Examination of the US Air Force, Control Data Corporation, and the Advanced Logistics System
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