20,075 research outputs found
Dynamics of kinks in the Ginzburg-Landau equation: Approach to a metastable shape and collapse of embedded pairs of kinks
We consider initial data for the real Ginzburg-Landau equation having two
widely separated zeros. We require these initial conditions to be locally close
to a stationary solution (the ``kink'' solution) except for a perturbation
supported in a small interval between the two kinks. We show that such a
perturbation vanishes on a time scale much shorter than the time scale for the
motion of the kinks. The consequences of this bound, in the context of earlier
studies of the dynamics of kinks in the Ginzburg-Landau equation, [ER], are as
follows: we consider initial conditions whose restriction to a bounded
interval have several zeros, not too regularly spaced, and other zeros of
are very far from . We show that all these zeros eventually disappear
by colliding with each other. This relaxation process is very slow: it takes a
time of order exponential of the length of
Persistence of black holes through a cosmological bounce
We discuss whether black holes could persist in a universe which recollapses
and then bounces into a new expansion phase. Whether the bounce is of classical
or quantum gravitational origin, such cosmological models are of great current
interest. In particular, we investigate the mass range in which black holes
might survive a bounce and ways of differentiating observationally between
black holes formed just after and just before the last bounce. We also discuss
the consequences of the universe going through a sequence of dimensional
changes as it passes through a bounce.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figur
Semi-Static Hedging Based on a Generalized Reflection Principle on a Multi Dimensional Brownian Motion
On a multi-assets Black-Scholes economy, we introduce a class of barrier
options. In this model we apply a generalized reflection principle in a context
of the finite reflection group acting on a Euclidean space to give a valuation
formula and the semi-static hedge.Comment: Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, online firs
Generating ring currents, solitons, and svortices by stirring a Bose-Einstein condensate in a toroidal trap
We propose a simple stirring experiment to generate quantized ring currents
and solitary excitations in Bose-Einstein condensates in a toroidal trap
geometry. Simulations of the 3D Gross-Pitaevskii equation show that pure ring
current states can be generated efficiently by adiabatic manipulation of the
condensate, which can be realized on experimental time scales. This is
illustrated by simulated generation of a ring current with winding number two.
While solitons can be generated in quasi-1D tori, we show the even more robust
generation of hybrid, solitonic vortices (svortices) in a regime of wider
confinement. Svortices are vortices confined to essentially one-dimensional
dynamics, which obey a similar phase-offset--velocity relationship as solitons.
Marking the transition between solitons and vortices, svortices are a distinct
class of symmetry-breaking stationary and uniformly rotating excited solutions
of the 2D and 3D Gross-Pitaevskii equation in a toroidal trapping potential.
Svortices should be observable in dilute-gas experiments.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures; accepted for publication in J. Phys. B (Letters
Spontaneous soliton formation and modulational instability in Bose-Einstein condensates
The dynamics of an elongated attractive Bose-Einstein condensate in an
axisymmetric harmonic trap is studied. It is shown that density fringes caused
by self-interference of the condensate order parameter seed modulational
instability. The latter has novel features in contradistinction to the usual
homogeneous case known from nonlinear fiber optics. Several open questions in
the interpretation of the recent creation of the first matter-wave bright
soliton train [Strecker {\it et al.} Nature {\bf 417} 150 (2002)] are
addressed. It is shown that primary transverse collapse, followed by secondary
collapse induced by soliton--soliton interactions, produce bursts of hot atoms
at different time scales.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Phys. Rev. Lett. in pres
Signatures of superconducting gap inhomogeneities in optical properties
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy applied to the high- cuprates has
revealed significant spatial inhomogeneity on the nanoscale. Regions on the
order of a coherence length in size show variations of the magnitude of the
superconducting gap of order or more. An important unresolved question
is whether or not these variations are also present in the bulk, and how they
influence superconducting properties. As many theories and data analyses for
high- superconductivity assume spatial homogeneity of the gap magnitude,
this is a pressing question. We consider the far-infrared optical conductivity
and evaluate, within an effective medium approximation, what signatures of
spatial variations in gap magnitude are present in various optical quantities.
In addition to the case of d-wave superconductivity, relevant to the high-
cuprates, we have also considered s-wave gap symmetry in order to provide
expected signatures of inhomogeneities for superconductors in general. While
signatures of gap inhomogeneities can be strongly manifested in s-wave
superconductors, we find that the far-infrared optical conductivity in d-wave
is robust against such inhomogeneity.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure
Shear induced breaking of large internal solitary waves
The stability properties of 24 experimentally generated internal solitary waves (ISWs) of extremely large amplitude, all with minimum Richardson number less than 1/4, are investigated. The study is supplemented by fully nonlinear calculations in a three-layer fluid. The waves move along a linearly stratified pycnocline (depth h2) sandwiched between a thin upper layer (depth h1) and a deep lower layer (depth h3), both homogeneous. In particular, the wave-induced velocity profile through the pycnocline is measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and obtained in computation. Breaking ISWs were found to have amplitudes (a1) in the range a1>2.24 āh1h2(1+h2/h1), while stable waves were on or below this limit. Breaking ISWs were investigated for 0.27 0.86 and stable waves for Lx/Ī» < 0.86. The results show a sort of threshold-like behaviour in terms of Lx/Ī». The results demonstrate that the breaking threshold of Lx/Ī» = 0.86 was sharper than one based on a minimum Richardson number and reveal that the Richardson number was found to become almost antisymmetric across relatively thick pycnoclines, with the minimum occurring towards the top part of the pycnoclinePostprintPeer reviewe
Option Pricing in Multivariate Stochastic Volatility Models of OU Type
We present a multivariate stochastic volatility model with leverage, which is
flexible enough to recapture the individual dynamics as well as the
interdependencies between several assets while still being highly analytically
tractable.
First we derive the characteristic function and give conditions that ensure
its analyticity and absolute integrability in some open complex strip around
zero. Therefore we can use Fourier methods to compute the prices of multi-asset
options efficiently. To show the applicability of our results, we propose a
concrete specification, the OU-Wishart model, where the dynamics of each
individual asset coincide with the popular Gamma-OU BNS model. This model can
be well calibrated to market prices, which we illustrate with an example using
options on the exchange rates of some major currencies. Finally, we show that
covariance swaps can also be priced in closed form.Comment: 28 pages, 5 figures, to appear in SIAM Journal on Financial
Mathematic
Effect of Primordial Black Holes on the Cosmic Microwave Background and Cosmological Parameter Estimates
We investigate the effect of non-evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs) on
the ionization and thermal history of the universe. X-rays emitted by gas
accretion onto PBHs modify the cosmic recombination history, producing
measurable effects on the spectrum and anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave
Background (CMB). Using the third-year WMAP data and FIRAS data we improve
existing upper limits on the abundance of PBHs with masses >0.1 Msun by several
orders of magnitude. Fitting WMAP3 data with cosmological models that do not
allow for non-standard recombination histories, as produced by PBHs or other
early energy sources, may lead to an underestimate of the best-fit values of
the amplitude of linear density fluctuations (sigma_8) and the scalar spectral
index (n_s). Cosmological parameter estimates are affected because models with
PBHs allow for larger values of the Thomson scattering optical depth, whose
correlation with other parameters may not be correctly taken into account when
PBHs are ignored. Values of tau_e=0.2, n_s=1 and sigma_8=0.9 are allowed at 95%
CF. This result that may relieve recent tension between WMAP3 data and clusters
data on the value of sigma_8. PBHs may increase the primordial molecular
hydrogen abundance by up to two orders of magnitude, this promoting cooling and
star formation. The suppression of galaxy formation due to X-ray heating is
negligible for models consistent with the CMB data. Thus, the formation rate of
the first galaxies and stars would be enhanced by a population of PBHs.Comment: 17 pages (Apj style), 9 figures, submitted to Ap
Evolution of a Primordial Black Hole Population
We reconsider in this work the effects of an energy absorption term in the
evolution of primordial black holes (hereafter PBHs) in the several epochs of
the Universe. A critical mass is introduced as a boundary between the accreting
and evaporating regimes of the PBHs. We show that the growth of PBHs is
negligible in the Radiation-dominated Era due to scarcity of energy density
supply from the expanding background, in agreement with a previous analysis by
Carr and Hawking, but that nevertheless the absorption term is large enough for
black holes above the critical mass to preclude their evaporation until the
universe has cooled sufficiently. The effects of PBH motion are also discussed:
the Doppler effect may give rise to energy accretion in black-holes with large
peculiar motions relative to background. We discuss how cosmological
constraints are modified by the introduction of the critical mass since that
PBHs above it do not disturb the CMBR. We show that there is a large range of
admissible masses for PBHs above the critical mass but well below the
cosmological horizon. Finally we outline a minimal kinetic formalism, solved in
some limiting cases, to deal with more complicated cases of PBH populationsComment: RevTex file, 8 pp., 3 .ps figures available upon request from
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