Requirement of digestible methionine + cystine in Japanese quails during the laying phase

An experiment was carried out with Japanese quails in the initial laying phase, from 43 to 168 days of age, to determine the nutritional requirement of digestible methionine + cystine for this period. 375 quails were used, being fifteen quails used per experimental unit. A total of 5 treatments (0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05 and 1.20% digestible methionine + cystine) were used in a completely randomized design with 5 replicates each. The performance parameters evaluated were feed intake (g / bird), body weight (g), egg weight (g), laying rate (%), egg mass (g eggs.bird.day-1), feed conversion by mass and dozen eggs (g.g-1 of eggs, g.dz-1 of eggs), viability (%) and the body chemical composition (%). The egg quality parameters were: % of component (yolk, albumen and shell relative to egg weight), specific gravity (g mL-1), Haugh unit, yolk index, shell weight per surface area and thickness of the shell (mm). Quadratic effect was found on the performance parameters evaluated (P0.05). The nutritional recommendation of digestible methionine + cystine for Japanese quails at laying phase is 0.90% from the maximum point obtained for the egg mass, egg weight and laying rate, corresponding to daily intake of 241.54 mg of digestible methionine + cystine / day, respectively. Keywords: body composition; egg mass; egg quality; egg weight

Exigência de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível para codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) em crescimento

Este trabalho objetivou estimar as exigências nutricionais de energia metabolizável (EM) e lisina digestível (LD) para codornas Japonesas nas fases de cria (1 a 14 dias) e recria (15 a 42 dias) e verificar suas implicações na composição química corporal, peso relativo dos órgãos, parâmetros sanguíneos e ósseos. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (EM = 2.830, 2.970, 3.110 e 3.250 kcal x LD = 0,90; 1,07; 1,24 e 1,41%), perfazendo 16 tratamentos com 3 repetições cada, contendo 50 codornas por unidade experimental na fase de cria (totalizando 2.400 aves) e 35 codornas por unidade experimental na fase de recria (totalizando 1.680 aves). Não foi verificada interação entre os fatores sobre o desempenho de codornas Japonesas na fase de cria, sendo que as variáveis peso médio, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar apresentaram efeito quadrático tanto para EM quanto para LD. Nesta fase, o extrato etéreo da carcaça e o índice de Seedor do fêmur e da tíbia exibiram interação significativa, e o peso relativo do fígado apresentou efeito linear da LD. Na fase de recria houve interação dos fatores para ganho de peso e consumo de ração. A conversão alimentar apresentou efeito quadrático de ambos os fatores e o peso médio foi influenciado de modo quadrático pela EM, que também influenciou de modo quadrático o índice de Seedor nos dois ossos e a densidade óssea do fêmur. Considerando as estimativas obtidas por meio dos gráficos de contornos sobrepostos, os níveis de 3.030 kcal de EM e 1,221% de LD foram estimados para a fase de cria e os níveis de 3.055 kcal de EM e 1,202% de LD foram estimados para a fase de recria

Níveis de suplemetação de vitamina A e vitamina K para codornas de corte em crescimento

Four experiments were carried out in order to determine the levels of vitamin A andvitamin K for meat quails (Coturnix coturnix sp). In experiment I, 2000 quails from 1-14 days old were used which were distributed in a complete random experimentaldesign, a total of 8 treatments with 5 repetitions. The levels of vitamin Asupplementation were 0; 4,500; 6,000; 7,500; 9,000; 10,500; 12,000 and 13,500 UI/kgof feeding. The body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC) showed aquadratic effect (P0,05) for hematocrito(HEM), relative values of heterophils (H), lymphocytes (L), heterophil / lymphocyteratio (H:L), serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and absolute liver weight (WLIVER). It was observed that this supplementationhas little effect on immunity of meat quail of 1-14 days old. It has been concluded thatthe requirement for maximum growing is 11,276 UI of vitamin A. In experiment II,1520 quails from 15 to 35 days old were used, the treatments were the same asexperiment I. The weight gain (WG) and accumulated body biomass (ABB) showed aquadratic effect (P0.05) for hematocrit (HEM),relative values of heterophils (H), lymphocytes (L), heterophil / lymphocyte ratio (H:L),serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT).It has been concluded that the requirement for maximum growing of meat quail of 15-35 days old is 7,469 UI of vitamin A. In experiment III, 2200 quails from 1-14 days oldwere used which were distributed in a complete random experimental design, total of 8treatments with 5 repetitions. The levels of vitamin K supplementation were 0; 0.7; 1.0;1.3; 1.6; 1.9; 2.2; 2.5 mg/kg of diets. There was no influence (P> 0.05) in the levels ofvitamin K supplementation on feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), weight gain (WG),biomass accumulated body (BCA) and feed conversion (FC ). There was a quadraticeffect (P 0.05) in the concentration of serum calcium (CAS), however, alkaline phosphatase(ALP) showed a quadratic effect (P 0.05) in the levels of vitamin K supplementation on feed intake(FI), body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), biomass accumulated body (BCA) and feedconversion (FC ). The femur diameter (DIAMF) and femur calcium concentration(CAF) and the tibial length (LENGT) and tibial calcium concentration (CAT) showed aquadratic response (P0,05) sobre o hematócrito (HEM), valores relativos de heterófilo (H),linfócito (L) e relação linfócito: heterófilo (L:H), nas concentrações séricas de alaninaaminotransferase (ALT) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e, no peso absoluto dofígado (PFÍGADO). Foi observado que a suplementação exerce pouco efeito naimunidade de codornas dessa fase. Conclui-se que o nível para máximo desempenho emganho de peso para codornas de corte de 1 a 14 dias de idade é 11.276 UI de vitaminaA. No experimento II, foram utilizadas 1520 codornas de 15 a 35 dias de idade,submetidas aos mesmos tratamentos utilizados no experimento I. O ganho de peso (GP)e a biomassa corporal acumulada (BIO) foram influenciados de forma quadrática(P0,05) sobre o hematócrito (HEM), valores relativos deheterófilo (H), linfócito (L) e relação linfócito: heterófilo (L:H), nas concentraçõesséricas de alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST). Concluiseque o nível para máximo desempenho em ganho de peso para codornas de corte de 15a 35 dias de idade é 7.469 UI de vitamina A. No experimento III, foram utilizadas 2.200codornas de corte de 1 a 14 dias de idade, distribuídas em um delineamentointeiramente casualizado com 8 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Os níveis de suplementaçãode vitamina K utilizados foram: 0; 0,7; 1,0; 1,3; 1,6; 1,9; 2,2; 2,5 mg/kg de ração. Nãohouve influência (P>0,05) dos níveis de suplementação de vitamina K sobre o consumode ração (CR), peso corporal (PC), ganho de peso (GP), biomassa corporal acumulada(BCA) e conversão alimentar (CA). Houve efeito quadrático (P0,05) na concentração de cálcio nosoro (CAS), porém, a fosfatase alcalina (FA) apresentou efeito quadrático (P0,05) dos níveis desuplementação de vitamina K sobre o consumo de ração (CR), peso corporal (PC),ganho de peso (GP), biomassa corporal acumulada (BCA) e conversão alimentar (CA).O diâmetro (DIAMF) e concentração de cálcio (CAF) no fêmur e o comprimento(COMPT) e concentração de cálcio (CAT) na tíbia responderam de forma quadrática(P<0,05), sendo os melhores níveis encontrados de 1,33; 1,42; 1,59 e 1,42 mg/Kg devitamina K para DIAMF, CAF, COMPT e CAT, respectivamente. O tempo deprotrombina, concentração de cálcio no sangue e fosfatase alcalina também não foramafetadas. Conclui-se que os níveis de suplementação não influenciaram o desempenhode codornas, portanto, rações à base de milho e farelo de soja são suficientes paraatender às necessidades de vitamina K para as codornas nessa fase. A suplementaçãodesta vitamina parece influenciar positivamente a qualidade óssea.xvii, 78

Levels of lysine and methionine+cystine for growing New Zealand White rabbits

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate, respectively, nitrogen balance (NB) and the productive performance of 31-to-50-day-old rabbits subjected to different levels of lysine and methionine+cystine (met+cys). Seventy-five animals were randomly distributed in 5 × 3 blocks (five levels of lysine: 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5 and 9.5 g/kg combined with three levels of met+cys: 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 g/kg), with 15 treatments and five replications for the NB assay. The assay lasted 14 days: 10 days for acclimatization and four days for feces and urine collection. Increasing met+cys levels had a quadratic effect on the nitrogen excreted in urine (NU): the lowest excretion was found at the dietary level of 5.9 g/kg met+cys. Increasing lysine levels also affected NU and nitrogen retained daily (NR): the lowest NU was obtained at the dietary level of 7.28 g/kg lysine, and maximum NR was found at 7.24 g/kg lysine. Increases in met+cys levels in the diets affected neither performance nor carcass characteristics of rabbits up to 50 days of age. On the other hand, body weight at 50 days, daily weight gain and feed conversion of rabbits slaughtered at 50 days had a quadratic effect as the lysine levels increased. The best results were found at 7.5, 7.38 and 7.36 g/kg lysine. Lysine and met+cys levels of 7.4 and 5.0 g/kg in the diet are recommended for 31-to-50-day-old rabbits

Suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte de 1 a 14 dias de idade

The experiment was carried outto determine the levels of vitamin K for meat quails (Coturnixcoturnixsp) from 1 to 14 days of age. Atotal of 2200 birds were used, complete by random experimental design, with 8 treatments, 5 repetitions and 55 meat quails per experimental unit. The levels of vitamin K supplementation were 0; 0.7; 1.0; 1.3; 1.6; 1.9; 2.2; 2.5 mg/kg diets. The performance was measured through weighing weekly from the birds and feed, and at the end of the experiment was carried out collects blood and bones for the assessment of bone quality parameters. The levels of vitamin K supplementation had no influence on performance orbone quality, except thatthe bone density and calcium concentration of the femur and the bone density of the tibia showeda quadratic effect, with estimates of 0.98; 0.92 and 1.18 respectively. The length of the tibia showed a linear increase according to the levels of vitamin K. There was no effect in the concentration of serum calcium, but there was a quadratic effect in the concentration of alkaline phosphatase. The vitamin K supplementation did not affect the performance of the meat quails from 1 to 14 days of age, showing that the amount of vitamin K present in ground corn and soybean meal-based diets is sufficient to meet the needs of the birds’ performance.O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte (Coturnix coturnix sp) de 1 a 14 dias de idade. Foi utilizado um total de 2.200 aves distruibuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 8 tratamentos, 5 repetições e 55 animais por unidade experimental. Os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K utilizados foram: 0; 0,7; 1,0; 1,3; 1,6; 1,9; 2,2; 2,5 mg/kg de ração. Para realização do desempenho zootécnico as aves e rações foram pesadas semanalmente, e ao final do experimento foi realizado a coleta de sangue e de ossos para a avaliação de parâmetros relacionados a qualidade óssea. Não foram verificados efeitos (dos níveis de suplementação de vitamina K sobre o desempenho e parâmetros ósseos, exceto para a densidade óssea do fêmur, a concentração de cálcio do fêmur e na densidade óssea da tíbia que apresentaram efeito quadrático, com estimativas de 0,98; 0,92 e 1,18 mg kg-1 de ração, respectivamente. O comprimento da tíbia teve aumento linear de acordo com os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K. Não houve efeito na concentração de cálcio no soro, porém, houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05) na concentração de fosfatase alcalina. A suplementação de vitamina K não afetou o desempenho de codornas de corte de 1 a 14 dias de idade, mostrando que a quantidade de vitamina K presente em rações a base de milho e farelo de soja é suficiente para atender às necessidades de desempenho das codornas.

Desempenho produtivo, composição e deposição química corporal aos 42 dias em codornas de corte submetidas à restrição alimentar quantitativa

This study aimed to assess the effect of quantitative dietary restriction during refeeding on the performance, body chemical composition, and deposition, weight gain of organs and carcass parts of quails reared for meat (Coturnix coturnix coturnix). A total of 144 quails, between 11 to 42 days old, were distributed in a completely randomized design, 4x2 factorial scheme, at four levels of feed restriction (ad libitum, 30%, 50% and 70% restrictions on the daily intake ad libitum) for both genders. Therefore, there was eight treatments with three replicates and six birds each. At the tenth day of age, the animals were housed in cages, where remained for four days under adaptation. Dietary restriction was applied between the days 15 and 35 while refeeding was carried out from day 36 to 42. Compensatory weight gain (CWG), i.e. weight gain of organs and carcass parts, and feed efficiency (FE) were improved for quails under feed restriction. Fat (F), crude protein (CP), protein deposition rate (PDR) and fat in females (FDf) and carcass retained energy in females (CREf) increased linearly as restriction levels decreased. Maximum estimates of feed intake for males (MFIm), compensatory weight gain for males (CWGm) and females (CWGf), feed efficiency for males (FEm), protein deposition for males (PDm) and carcass retained energy in males (CREm) were obtained with restriction levels of 43.56%, 30.56%, 63.93%, 62.63%, 80.25%, 1.94% and 09.34% if compared to ad libitum, respectively. As a result, we concluded that according to quantitative feed restriction level, significant increases in feed efficiency and body weight gain, as well as decreases in carcass fat throughout quail refeeding period. As for gender, given the existing sexual dimorphism, females lost greater body weight than males under dietary restriction, besides showing higher protein and fat gains in the carcass and an enhanced feed efficiency during refeeding.Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar quantitativa sobre o desempenho, composição e deposição química corporal, ganho de peso de órgãos e partes da carcaça de codornas de corte (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) no período de realimentação. Foram utilizadas 144 codornas, de 11 a 42 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 4x2, com quatro níveis de restrição alimentar (ad libitum e restrição alimentar quantitativa de 30%, 50% e 70% da ingestão diária dos animais ad libitum) e gênero, totalizando oito tratamentos, com três repetições e seis aves cada. Foram alojadas aos 11 dias de idade em gaiolas, permanecendo quatro dias em adaptação. Dos 15 aos 35 dias foi aplicada a restrição alimentar e a realimentação de 36 a 42 dias. O ganho de peso compensatório (GP), consequentemente de órgãos e partes da carcaça e a eficiência alimentar (EA) foram melhores em codornas submetidas à restrição alimentar. A gordura (GD), proteína bruta (PB) corporal, taxa de deposição de proteína (TDP) e gordura em fêmeas (TDGF) e energia retida na carcaça em fêmeas (ERCF) aumentaram linearmente à medida que diminuíram os níveis de restrição. As estimativas de máximo consumo de ração para machos (CRM) e fêmeas (CRF), ganho de peso compensatório para machos (GPM) e fêmeas (GPF), eficiência alimentar para machos (EAM), taxa de deposição de proteína para machos (TDPM) e energia retida na carcaça em machos (ERCM) foram obtidas com níveis de restrição alimentar de 43,56%, 30,56%, 63,93%, 62,63%, 80,25%, 1,94% e 9,34% em comparação a ingestão ad libitum, respectivamente. Conclui-se que dependendo do nível de restrição alimentar quantitativa, ocorre melhora significativa na eficiência alimentar, aumenta o ganho de peso corporal e diminui a quantidade de gordura na carcaça no período de realimentação de codornas de corte. Já para gênero, devido ao dimorfismo sexual existente, as fêmeas perderam maior peso corporal do que os machos na restrição e apresentaram maiores ganhos de proteína e gordura na carcaça e melhor eficiência alimentar no período de realimentação

Calcium requirement and vitamin D supplementation in meat-type quail at second stage of growth

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to determine the required levels of supplementary vitamin D and calcium in meat-type quail (Coturnix coturnix sp) between 15 and 35 days old. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial design with four levels of calcium: 0.42, 0.58, 0.74, and 0.90% and four levels of vitamin D: 1,000; 2,000; 3,000; and 4,000 IU. Body weight and body weight gain increased linearly and feed conversion showed some linear improvement due to increased levels of Ca and vitamin D. The increased vitamin D levels resulted in a linear increase in feed intake. Calcium and vitamin D requirements in meat-type quail between 15 and 35 days of age is greater or equal to 0.90% Ca and greater or equal to 4,000 IU of vitamin D, probably because the experiment was conducted during the pre-laying phase

Requirement of digestible methionine + cystine for growing Japanese quail and its subsequent effects on laying phase

The objective of this study was to estimate the nutritional requirement of digestible methionine + cystine for Japanese quail during the growth phase and its residual effect on the laying phase. One experiment was conducted, including three phases: starter, from 1 to 14 days of age; grower, from 15 to 42 days of age; and laying, from 43 to 168 days of age. The experimental design was entirely randomized with five treatments (0.52, 0.64, 0.76, 0.88, and 1.00% of digestible methionine + cystine) and five replicates. In starter phase, 48 quail/experimental unit (box) were used; in grower phase, 31 quail/experimental unit (box) were used, which were reared until 14 days old, receiving conventional feed and, in laying phase, 12 quail/experimental unit were selected from grower phase to evaluate the residual effect. To evaluate animal performance, feed intake (g/bird), body weight (g), weight gain (g), feed conversion (g/g), and viability (%) were analyzed. At 14 and 42 days of age, the relative weight (%) of liver, spleen, and cloacal pouch organs, the birds’ warping (%) and body chemical composition (%) were evaluated. During laying, performance and egg quality were evaluated. In the starter and grower stages, quadratic effects were observed for all performance variables. Laying performance results confirmed the estimates obtained in the grower phase; however, there was no effect on egg quality. Considering the best feed conversion, the nutritional recommendation of digestible methionine + cystine for Japanese quail in the starter phase is 0.85% and in the grower phase, it is 0.77%, corresponding to daily intake of 50.43 and 158.5 mg of digestible methionine + cystine/day, respectivel