Sampling Details.

3<p>Cedar Point Biological Station, Keith County, Nebraska.</p

BCRV ELISA.

<p>Values shown represent mean (+ SEM) values for BCRV specific IgY levels in each group. House sparrow Control samples collected from house sparrows at Council Bluffs, Iowa (no known cliff swallow colonies in the area) in August, 2011. All other blood samples collected from house sparrows and cliff swallows at swallow colony sites in western Nebraska in 2011. Letters above bars denote statistical differences among groups (<i>P</i><0.05); bars not sharing the same letter are different.</p

Total IgY ELISA Results.

<p>Values shown represent mean (+ SEM) optical density values (O.D._450nm) for total IgY in cliff swallows and house sparrows. NS =  non-significant difference (<i>P</i>>0.45).</p

High costs of infection: Alphavirus infection reduces digestive function and bone and feather growth in nestling house sparrows (<i>Passer domesticus</i>) - Fig 6

<p><b>Intestinal (A) aminopeptidase-N and (B) maltase activities during infection (mean ± SEM).</b> Nestlings were age 7 days post-hatch when infected (0 DPI). N = 4 per group. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA.</p

Brain sample of a nestling house sparrow infected with BCRV.

<p>Mild lymphoplasmacytic cuffing and perivascular edema, cerebrum. Several shrunken, deeply eosinophilic, necrotic neurons are present in the vicinity of the affected blood vessel (arrows).</p

Viral load (mean ± SEM PFU BCRV/mg tissue) in tissues of BCRV-infected birds.

<p>N = 4 per sample type and DPI.</p

High costs of infection: Alphavirus infection reduces digestive function and bone and feather growth in nestling house sparrows (<i>Passer domesticus</i>) - Fig 4

<p><b>Apparent assimilable mass coefficient (a) and excreta lipid content (B) during infection (mean ± SEM).</b> Nestlings were age 7 days post-hatch when infected (0 DPI). n = 11–12 at 0-1DPI; n = 8 at 2DPI; n = 4 at 3DPI. Asterisks above bars indicate significant difference between treatment groups by two-sample t-test (3 DPI was not statistically analyzed due to low sample size).</p

ELISA data by species from: Fassbinder-Orth et al. 2016. Immunoglobulin detection. Methods in Ecology and Evolution

This file contains the ELISA data for 41 different avian species and three different IgY ELISA