Test bench with wireless control for gasoline injectors

Actualmente, el mercado de vehículos nuevos en Colombia, particularmente en su capital, muestra que cerca del 70% es de inyección electrónica multipunto, evidenciándose la alta demanda del servicio de limpieza de inyectores. A lo anterior se adiciona la normatividad de 2002 que obliga a la revisión tecnicomecánica de vehículos conducente a garantizar el funcionamiento y emisiones dentro de los límites admisibles. Por lo anterior, el presente artículo expone el diseño y desarrollo de un prototipo electromecánico enfocado a la evaluación y limpieza de inyectores en vehículos a gasolina. El diseño obtenido desde el punto de vista estructural y electrónico simula variables que condicionan un vehículo en funcionamiento: la presión y los pulsos eléctricos de inyección. Para la evaluación del inyector se usaron pruebas de: goteo, pulverización y flujo de inyección. Los resultados obtenidos diagnostican las pruebas de pulverización y flujo de inyección teniendo como referencia la medida del líquido depositado en los tubos de medición.Currently, the market for new vehicles in Colombia, particularly in its capital, shows that about 70% is multipoint electronic injection, evidencing the high demand for the injector cleaning service. To this is added the regulations of 2002 that requires the technical and mechanical revision of vehicles conducive to guarantee the operation and emissions within the permissible limits. Therefore, this article describes the design and development of an electromechanical prototype focused on the evaluation and cleaning of injectors in gasoline vehicles. The design obtained from the structural and electronic point of view simulates variables that condition a vehicle in operation: pressure and electrical injection pulses. For the evaluation of the injector tests of: drip, spray and injection flow were used. The results obtained diagnose the spraying and injection flow tests taking as a reference the measurement of the liquid deposited in the measuring tubes

Exploring the mechanistic pathways of how social network influences social norms in adolescent smoking prevention interventions.

We know little about how smoking prevention interventions might leverage social network structures to enhance protective social norms. In this study we combined statistical and network science methods to explore how social networks influence social norms related to adolescent smoking in school-specific settings in Northern Ireland and Colombia. Pupils (12-15 years old) participated in two smoking prevention interventions in both countries (n = 1344). A Latent Transition Analysis identified three groups characterized by descriptive and injunctive norms towards smoking. We employed a Separable Temporal Random Graph Model to analyze homophily in social norms and conducted a descriptive analysis of the changes in the students' and their friends' social norms over time to account for social influence. The results showed that students were more likely to be friends with others who had social norms against smoking. However, students with social norms favorable towards smoking had more friends with similar views than the students with perceived norms against smoking, underlining the importance of network thresholds. Our results support the notation that the ASSIST intervention takes advantage of friendship networks to leverage greater change in the students' smoking social norms than the Dead Cool intervention, reiterating that social norms are subject to social influence