Structural and environmental variations in a continuum of gallery forest/savana stricto sensu in Itumirim, MG

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, verificar as poss?veis correla??es entre as varia??es da estrutura, da diversidade de esp?cies e de varia??es do substrato num compartimento arb?reo em um cont?nuo de Mata de Galeria/Cerrado stricto sensu em Itumirim, sul de Minas Gerais. Os solos das ?reas de Mata de Galeria, transi??o e Cerrado stricto sensu apresentaram textura m?dia, acidez elevada com pH entre 4,5 e 5,0 e altos teores de alum?nio. O levantamento estrutural em todo o fragmento apresentou 1.347 indiv?duos que se distribu?ram em 39 fam?lias, 77 g?neros e 102 esp?cies. A fam?lia Fabaceae destacou-se pela maior riqueza de esp?cies seguida das fam?lias Myrtaceae, Lauraceae e Rubiaceae. As esp?cies Protium spruceanum e Myrsine umbellata foram superiores em todos os par?metros fitossociol?gicos, respectivamente, para as ?reas de Mata de Galeria e Cerrado stricto sensu. Na ?rea de transi??o, a esp?cie Copaifera langsdorffii obteve os maiores valores de ?rea basal e domin?ncia absoluta; j?, com rela??o ? densidade absoluta e valor de cobertura foi a esp?cie Myrsine umbellata. Os ?ndices de diversidade de Shannon (H') e os ?ndices de equabilidade de Pielou (J') para os tr?s ambientes foram de 3,57, 3,51 e 2,58 e 0,79, 0,88 e 0,77, respectivamente, para as ?reas de Mata de Galeria, transi??o e Cerrado stricto sensu. Por meio da an?lise de correspond?ncia retificada (DCA) observaram-se dois agrupamentos no diagrama da DCA: Agrupamento 1, contendo apenas as tr?s parcelas pertencentes ao Cerrado stricto sensu; Agrupamento 2, reunindo as demais parcelas amostradas abrangendo os ambientes de Mata de Galeria e transi??o.Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)This work verified the possible correlations among the variations of the strucuture, species diversity and variations of the substrate in a tree compartment in a continuum of Gallery Forest/Savana stricto sensu in Itumirim, southern of Minas Gerais. The soils of the areas of Gallery Forest, Transition Forest and Savana stricto sensu presented medium structure, high acidity with pH between 4.5 and 5.0 and high aluminum contents. The structural survey all over the patch presented 1,347 individuals distributed into 39 families, 77 genera and 102 species. The family Fabaceae stood out by the greatest richness of species followed by the families Myrtaceae, Lauraceae and Rubiaceae. The species Protium spruceanum and Myrsine umbellata were superior in all the phytosociological parameters, respectively, for all the areas of Gallery Forest and Savana stricto sensu. In the area of transition , the species Copaifera langsdorffii reached the highest values of basal area and absolute dominance; however, as regards to absolute density and cover value was the species Myrsine umbellata. Shannon's diversity indices (H') and Pielou's equatibility index (J') for the three places were of 3,57, 3,51 and 2,58 and 0,79, 0,88 and 0,77, respectively, for the areas of Gallery Forest, transition Forest and Savana stricto sensu. Through the rectified correspondence analysis (DCA), two groupings in the DCA diagram were found: grouping 1 containing only the three plots corresponding to the Savana stricto sensu; and grouping 2 joining together the other plots sampled encompassing the sites of Gallery and transition Forest

The potential of agricultural biogas against other types of renewable energy sources

Przedstawiono potencjał biogazu rolniczego bazującego na wykorzystaniu bioodpadów i roślin specjalnie przeznaczonych dla biogazowni. Określono zalety energetyki biogazowej jako w pełni kontrolowalnej oraz zestawiono je z problemami stwarzanymi przez energetykę niestabilną w kraju i zagranicą. Przedstawiono także kierunki rozwoju sektora biogazu rolniczego w Polsce.The paper presents the potential of agricultural biogas based both on the use of bio-waste and plants dedicated to biogas plants. The advantages of biogas power engineering were determined as fully controllable and compared with problems generated by unstable energy. The directions of development of the agricultural biogas sector in Poland were also presented

Potencjał produkcji biogazu z odchodów zwierzęcych w Polsce

The substrates to biogas production in anaerobic digestion, except plant materials, can also be animal feces and manure. It should be highlighted that Poland is one of leaders in the European Union in animal breeding. However, there is no precise data in the literature on the potential of biogas production from animal feces in this country. The aim of the paper was to analyze the biogas production potential from manure in Poland. The aim of work included anaerobic digestion research following materials: cow manure, pig manure, poultry manure and sheep manure. In the next step, based on the obtained results of the biogas yield, energy potential calculations were made. The methane yield for the investigated feedstock materials in the batch culture technology was performed following the internal procedures developed based on the adapted standards, i.e. DIN 38 414-S8 and VDI 4630. Animal wastes were obtained from the Agricultural Experimental Stations of Poznan University of Life Sciences (Poznan, Poland). On a base of achieved results it was concluded that tested substrates have a high energy potential (approx. 28.52 GWh of electricity). The largest potential for electricity production was found in chicken manure (about 13.86 GWh) and cow manure (about 12.35 GWh). It was also shown which regions of Poland have the best chance for development of agriculture biogas plants (Wielkopolskie and Mazowieckie voivodships) and where the potential is the least (Lubuskie and Opolskie voivodeships).Substratami do produkcji biogazu w procesie fermentacji beztlenowej, obok materiałów roślinnych, mogą być odchody zwierzęce. Należy podkreślić, że Polska jest jednym z liderów w Unii Europejskiej w zakresie hodowli zwierząt. Jednak, w aktualnej literaturze nie ma dokładnych danych na temat potencjału produkcji biogazu z odchodów zwierzęcych w tym kraju. Celem pracy była analiza potencjału produkcji biogazu z obornika w Polsce. Zakres prac obejmował przeprowadzenie badań fermentacji beztlenowej następujących materiałów: obornika bydlęcego, obornika trzody chlewnej, obornika drobiowego i obornika owczego. W kolejnym etapie, w oparciu o uzyskane wyniki wydajności biogazu, dokonano obliczeń potencjału energetycznego. Badania wydajności metanowej dla badanych materiałów wsadowych w technologii okresowej zostały przeprowadzone zgodnie z procedurami wewnętrznymi opracowanymi w oparciu o zaadaptowane normy, tj. DIN 38 414-S8 i VDI 4630. Materiały do badań pobrane zostały z Zakładów Doświadczalnych Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że badane podłoża mają duży potencjał energetyczny (około 28,52 GWh energii elektrycznej). Największy potencjał produkcji energii stwierdzono dla obornika kurzego (ok. 13,86 GWh) oraz bydlęcego (ok. 12,35 GWh). Wykazano również, które regiony Polski mają największe szanse na rozwój biogazowni rolniczych (województwo wielkopolskie i mazowieckie), a w których potencjał produkcji jest najmniejszy (województwo lubuskie i opolskie)