Sweet basil (ocimum basilicum) extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE): global yields, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and estimation of the cost of manufacturing

In this work, supercritical technology was used to obtain extracts from Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) with CO2 and the cosolvent H2O at 1, 10, and 20% (w/w). The raw material was obtained from hydroponic cultivation. The extract’s global yield isotherms, chemical compositions, antioxidant activity, and cost of manufacturing were determined. The extraction assays were done for pressures of 10 to 30 MPa at 303 to 323 K. The identification of the compounds present in the extracts was made by GC-MS and ESI-MS. The antioxidant activity of extracts was determined using the coupled reaction of beta-carotene and linolenic acid. At 1% of cosolvent, the largest global yield was obtained at 10 MPa and 303 K (2%, dry basis—d.b.); at 10% of cosolvent the largest global yield was obtained at 10 and 15 MPa (11%, d.b.), and at 20% of cosolvent the largest global yield was detected at 30 MPa and 303 K (24%, d.b.). The main components identified in the extracts were eugenol, germacrene-D, epi–alpha–cadinol, malic acid, tartaric acid, ramnose, caffeic acid, quinic acid, kaempferol, caffeoylquinic acid, and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside. Sweet basil extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity compared to beta-carotene. Three types of SFE extracts from sweet basil were produced, for which the estimated cost of manufacturing (class 5 type) varied from US$47.96 to US$ 1,049.58 per kilogram of dry extract14326CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP472512/2004-802/12001-7; 04/09310-3; 1999/01962-

Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Extracts Obtained by Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE): Global Yields, Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Estimation of the Cost of Manufacturing

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)In this work, supercritical technology was used to obtain extracts from Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) with CO(2) and the cosolvent H(2)O at 1, 10, and 20% (w/w). The raw material was obtained from hydroponic cultivation. The extract`s global yield isotherms, chemical compositions, antioxidant activity, and cost of manufacturing were determined. The extraction assays were done for pressures of 10 to 30 MPa at 303 to 323 K. The identification of the compounds present in the extracts was made by GC-MS and ESI-MS. The antioxidant activity of extracts was determined using the coupled reaction of beta-carotene and linolenic acid. At 1% of cosolvent, the largest global yield was obtained at 10 MPa and 303 K (2%, dry basis-d.b.); at 10% of cosolvent the largest global yield was obtained at 10 and 15 MPa (11%, d.b.), and at 20% of cosolvent the largest global yield was detected at 30 MPa and 303 K (24%, d.b.). The main components identified in the extracts were eugenol, germacrene-D, epi-alpha-cadinol, malic acid, tartaric acid, ramnose, caffeic acid, quinic acid, kaempferol, caffeoylquinic acid, and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside. Sweet basil extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity compared to beta-carotene. Three types of SFE extracts from sweet basil were produced, for which the estimated cost of manufacturing (class 5 type) varied from US$47.96 to US$ 1,049.58 per kilogram of dry extract.14326338Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Extracts Obtained by Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE): Global Yields, Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Estimation of the Cost of Manufacturing

In this work, supercritical technology was used to obtain extracts from Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) with CO(2) and the cosolvent H(2)O at 1, 10, and 20% (w/w). The raw material was obtained from hydroponic cultivation. The extract`s global yield isotherms, chemical compositions, antioxidant activity, and cost of manufacturing were determined. The extraction assays were done for pressures of 10 to 30 MPa at 303 to 323 K. The identification of the compounds present in the extracts was made by GC-MS and ESI-MS. The antioxidant activity of extracts was determined using the coupled reaction of beta-carotene and linolenic acid. At 1% of cosolvent, the largest global yield was obtained at 10 MPa and 303 K (2%, dry basis-d.b.); at 10% of cosolvent the largest global yield was obtained at 10 and 15 MPa (11%, d.b.), and at 20% of cosolvent the largest global yield was detected at 30 MPa and 303 K (24%, d.b.). The main components identified in the extracts were eugenol, germacrene-D, epi-alpha-cadinol, malic acid, tartaric acid, ramnose, caffeic acid, quinic acid, kaempferol, caffeoylquinic acid, and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside. Sweet basil extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity compared to beta-carotene. Three types of SFE extracts from sweet basil were produced, for which the estimated cost of manufacturing (class 5 type) varied from US$47.96 to US$ 1,049.58 per kilogram of dry extract.FAPESP[02/12001-7]FAPESP[04/09310-3]FAPESP[1999/01962-1]CNPq[472512/2004-8

Formas de adubação e doses de uréia para mudas clonais de cacau cultivadas em substrato Forms and doses of urea to fertilize clonal cocoa tree cuttings cultivated in substrate

O N é o nutriente mais demandado pelas plantas. Contudo, para produção de mudas enraizadas de cacaueiro em substratos e sob irrigação freqüente não existem estudos de calibração de adubação nitrogenada. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram comparar a eficiência das adubações no substrato e foliar com uréia para mudas clonais de cacau e definir doses recomendáveis e nível crítico foliar de N. O experimento foi instalado em viveiro de produção de mudas do Instituto Biofábrica de Cacau, em Ilhéus, Bahia, em julho de 2006, envolvendo 10 tratamentos (duas formas de adubação, combinadas com cinco doses de uréia), em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A parcela útil constituiu-se de 12 mudas clonais de cacaueiro cultivadas em tubetes, contendo 288 cm³ de substrato (50 % de fibra de coco e 50 % de Plantmax®). O substrato foi corrigido com 3,20 kg m-3 de calcário e adubado com 2,68 kg m-3 de superfosfato simples. Os tratamentos foram aplicados entre o 82º até o 138º dia, com as seguintes doses semanais de N: 0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 mg dm-3 via substrato e 0,0; 2,25; 4,5; 9,0; e 13,5 g L-1 via foliar. Em todos os tratamentos, fez-se a adubação complementar com P, K, S, Zn e B via substrato. Aos 145 dias, as plantas foram colhidas, sendo avaliados: diâmetro da haste principal, altura, área foliar, matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), teor de nutrientes na folha diagnóstica e conteúdo de nutrientes na parte aérea. As variáveis biométricas e nutricionais responderam aos tratamentos. A adubação via substrato proporcionou produção máxima superior à adubação foliar, para MSPA, altura e área foliar. As doses recomendáveis de N, calculadas para obtenção de 99 % da produção máxima, variaram de acordo com a variável biométrica de 43 a 76 mg dm-3 para adubação via substrato e de 9,1 a 11,7 g L-1 para adubação foliar. O nível crítico foliar de N, para obtenção de 99 % da produção máxima da MSPA, foi de 23,1 g kg-1.<br>Nitrogen is the mineral nutrient required most by plants. There are, however, no studies on N fertilization calibration for rooted cocoa tree cutting production on substrate and frequent irrigation. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of urea fertilization on substrate and leaves for rooted cocoa tree cutting and to define N recommendable doses and foliar critical N level. The experiment was set up in a rooted cutting breeding nursery of the Cocoa Biofactory Institute, in Ilheus, Bahia, in July 2006, involving 10 treatments (two fertilization treatments and five urea doses), in random blocks with four repetitions. Each plot consisted of 12 rooted cocoa cuttings in plastic tubes, containing 288 cm³ substrate (50 % coconut fiber and 50 % Plantmax®). The substrate was limed with 3.20 kg m-3 and fertilized with 2.68 kg m-3 of single superphosphate. The treatments were applied between the 82nd and 138th day, with the following weekly N doses to the substrate (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg dm-3) and to the leaves (0.0, 2.25, 4.5, 9.0 and 13.5 g L-1). For all treatments, fertilization was supplemented with P, K, S, Zn and B via substrate. On the 145th day, the plants were harvested to evaluate diameter, height, leaf area, shoot dry matter (SDM), nutrient concentration in the diagnostic leaf and nutrient content in the shoot. The biometric and nutrient variables responded to treatments. Adding urea to the substrate led to the maximum yield, exceeding foliar fertilization for SDM, height and leaf area. The N doses recommended to obtain 99 % of the maximum yield varied, according to the biometric variable, from 43 to 76 mg dm-3 for fertilization on substrate and from 9.1 to 11.7 g L-1 for foliar fertilization. The critical foliar N level to obtain 99 % of the maximum yield of SDM by foliar fertilization was 23.1 g kg-1 N