Derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, política pública y justiciabilidad

El presente documento, contiene la edición de la segunda parte de las discusiones sostenidas en el Foro sobre Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (DESC), auspiciado por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y la Fundación Social, y que tuvo lugar en Bogota en noviembre de 2001. Los participantes en este foro, provienen de distintas disciplinas, son abogados, economistas, administradores públicos, sociólogos, historiadores, filósofos y periodistas. Se desempeñan en distintas actividades en el sector público, la academia, la rama judicial, ONG y organismos internacionales, y no todos comparten la misma aproximación teórica a los temas del derecho, la política o la economía. Esta relación de las discusiones reseña el debate acerca del alcance de la justiciabilidad de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales y de las decisiones de política económica, que tienen impacto sobre dichos derechos. Los panelistas hicieron interesantes afirmaciones que ratifican diferentes visiones, a partir de las ópticas jurídica y económica, y dan lugar a sugestivas convergencias y divergencias.

"La educación debe ser prioridad del Estado"

 ¿Cómo entender el derecho a la educación? Lo entendería en función de lo planteado por la Constitución Política; una visión integral que no limita el derecho a la educación a llenar cabezas con contenidos, sino que apunta a una formación integral del ser humano en relación con sus semejantes; y en un contexto de democracia política, desarrollando no sólo saberes sino destrezas, valo- res, sentimientos y experiencias, para convertir al sujeto en un ciudadano moderno, parte de una sociedad democrática moderna

Manual para la construcción por autogestión comunitaria

El documento describe los pasos y etapas para la construcción de una vivienda por autogestión comunitaria desde la planeación, construcción y proyecciónThe document describes the steps and stages for the construction of a house by self-management from the planning, construction and projectionEtapa 1: planeación general -- Etapa 2: organización comunitaria -- Etapa 3: compra del lote -- Etapa 4: diseño urbanístico y arquitectónico -- Etapa 5: Licencias de urbanismo y construcción -- Etapa 6: plan de trabajo y programación -- Etapa 7: financiación -- Etapa 8: construcción -- Etapa 9: adjudicación -- Etapa 10. Proyección comunitariana105 página

Diagnóstico y erradicación de la violencia - grupo violencia

IP 0101-10-001-87cotidiano, lo social y lo politico / Olga Amparo Sanchez,MarthaLucia Uribe -- La familia y la socializacion;de la violencia / Maria Himelda Ramirez -- Violencia y mediosdecomunicacion / Ramon Jimeno, Ana Maria Cano; Violencia y medios de comunicacion / Arturo Guerrero --Violencia y medios de comunicacion Guillermo Callej;M.;carcelaria en Colombia / Annette Pearson, Jesus Antonio Muñoz--Violenciaintrafamiliar : una mirada desde lo;Cauca : la violencia en el cauca vision sintetica -- Economiade la violencia / Salomon Kalmanovitz -- La;violencia y el problema agrario / Alejandro Reyes Posada -'- Reforma politica y proceso de paz / Alvaro;Echeverry Uruburu -- La violencia y los pueblos indigenasde hoy/ VictorManuel Bonilla S. -- Administracion;de justicia y nuevo codigo penal / Humberto Rendon Arango'-- Politica internacional y pacificacion nacional /;Juan Tokatlian, Rodrigo Pardo -- La crisis de la justiciay lasacciones requeridas para su transformacion /;Jorge Acevedo B. -- El aumento de la violencia delincuencial estambien una expresion de la crisis del derecho;penal / Pastor Alberto Acevedo -- Investigacion criminologica:homicidiosen Cali 1980 - 1985 / Jaime Patiño;'-- organizaciones populares- civiles e institucionalizacion /Carlos Vicente de Roux -- La violencia;[et al.] -- Manifestaciones de violencia en la zona esmeraldifera y el occidente de Boyaca / Javier Guerrero;Baron -- Bases para un posible estatuto del indigena / AdolfoTriana Antorveza -- Violencia y Colonizacion /;Alfredo Molano -- El programa de inversiones del PNR y elPPAyla inversion publica en la actual coyuntura /;Alberto Corchuelo -- Inspecciones de policia / Luisa MargaritaH. de Yepes'-- Consejo Regional indigena del;LIBROS: Colombia : violencia y democracia informe presentado aMinisteriode Gobierno / Jaime Arocha R. ..

Correction to: Comparative effectiveness and safety of non-vitamin K antagonists for atrial fibrillation in clinical practice: GLORIA-AF Registry

International audienceIn this article, the name of the GLORIA-AF investigator Anastasios Kollias was given incorrectly as Athanasios Kollias in the Acknowledgements. The original article has been corrected

Patterns of oral anticoagulant use and outcomes in Asian patients with atrial fibrillation: a post-hoc analysis from the GLORIA-AF Registry

Background: Previous studies suggested potential ethnic differences in the management and outcomes of atrial fibrillation (AF). We aim to analyse oral anticoagulant (OAC) prescription, discontinuation, and risk of adverse outcomes in Asian patients with AF, using data from a global prospective cohort study. Methods: From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase II-III (November 2011-December 2014 for Phase II, and January 2014-December 2016 for Phase III), we analysed patients according to their self-reported ethnicity (Asian vs. non-Asian), as well as according to Asian subgroups (Chinese, Japanese, Korean and other Asian). Logistic regression was used to analyse OAC prescription, while the risk of OAC discontinuation and adverse outcomes were analysed through Cox-regression model. Our primary outcome was the composite of all-cause death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The original studies were registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01468701, NCT01671007, and NCT01937377. Findings: 34,421 patients were included (70.0 ± 10.5 years, 45.1% females, 6900 (20.0%) Asian: 3829 (55.5%) Chinese, 814 (11.8%) Japanese, 1964 (28.5%) Korean and 293 (4.2%) other Asian). Most of the Asian patients were recruited in Asia (n = 6701, 97.1%), while non-Asian patients were mainly recruited in Europe (n = 15,449, 56.1%) and North America (n = 8378, 30.4%). Compared to non-Asian individuals, prescription of OAC and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) was lower in Asian patients (Odds Ratio [OR] and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 0.23 [0.22-0.25] and 0.66 [0.61-0.71], respectively), but higher in the Japanese subgroup. Asian ethnicity was also associated with higher risk of OAC discontinuation (Hazard Ratio [HR] and [95% CI]: 1.79 [1.67-1.92]), and lower risk of the primary composite outcome (HR [95% CI]: 0.86 [0.76-0.96]). Among the exploratory secondary outcomes, Asian ethnicity was associated with higher risks of thromboembolism and intracranial haemorrhage, and lower risk of major bleeding. Interpretation: Our results showed that Asian patients with AF showed suboptimal thromboembolic risk management and a specific risk profile of adverse outcomes; these differences may also reflect differences in country-specific factors. Ensuring integrated and appropriate treatment of these patients is crucial to improve their prognosis. Funding: The GLORIA-AF Registry was funded by Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field