Infecção por múltiplos tipos de Papilomavirus humano em mulheres jovens sexualmente ativas

Modelo do estudo: transversal. Objetivo do estudo: estimar a frequência e a distribuição dos tipos de Papilomavírus humano (HPV) em mulheres jovens sexualmente ativas. Metodologia: foram coletadas amostras do canal vaginal e endocérvice de 158 mulheres, com idade entre 18 e 35 anos, por meio da técnica de autocoleta. O DNA-HPV foi extraído e amplificado pela técnica de PCR end point utilizando os primers consensus PGMY09/11. A genotipagem foi executada pela técnica de PCR tipo específico (TSPCR) e por análise dos fragmentos obtidos com o uso de enzimas de restrição (RFLP). Resultados: DNA-HPV foi detectado em 23% das amostras, 92% foram genótipos de alto risco oncogênico (HR), sendo prevalente o HPV45, seguido do HPV16 e 31. Infecções por múltiplos tipos de HPV foram detectadas em 35% das amostras, demonstrando infecção por mais de dois tipos em 22,2% das genotipadas. Maior frequência do DNA-HPV foi observada entre mulheres com idade ≤ 25 anos. Conclusão: Este estudo demostrou alta frequência da infecção pelo HPV em mulheres jovens sexualmente ativas, assim como uma alta prevalência de infecção múltipla com tipos de alto risco oncogênicoStudy design: cross. Study objective: estimate the frequency and distribution types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in sexually active young women. Methods: samples of vaginal and endocervical canal of 158 women, aged between 18 and 35 years were collected through self-collection technique. The HPV DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR end point using the consensus primers PGMY09/11 and genotyping was performed by PCR specific type (TS-PCR) and by analysis of the fragments obtained from the use of restriction enzymes (RFLP). Results: HPV DNA was detected in 23% of participants, 92% were high-risk HPV genotypes (HR), being the prevalent HPV45, followed by HPV16 and 31 infections with multiple HPV types were detected in 35% of samples, indicating infection by more than two types in 22.2% of the genotyped. Higher frequency of HPV DNA was detected in women ≤ 25 old. Conclusion: this demonstrated a high frequency of HPV infection in sexually active young women, as well as a high prevalence of infection with multiple types of high oncogenic ris

Perfil eletroforético, características estruturais e fertilidade in vitro do sêmen de touros Nelores submetidos à degeneração testicular por insulação

O presente estudo objetivou identificar o perfil eletroforético seminal, as características do espermograma e fertilidade in vitro, do sêmen de touros proveniente dos períodos pré e pós-indução do processo degenerativo testicular por insulação. Para isso, foram selecionados quatro animais da raça Nelore, com idade entre trinta e trinta e seis meses. Amostras de sêmen foram colhidas três dias antes (P0) da indução do processo degenerativo e, sete (P7), quatorze (P14) e vinte e um (P21) após a retirada do insulto testicular com cinco dias de duração. Para a análise dos dados foram considerados três experimentos: 1) efeito dos períodos experimentais (P0, P7, P14 e P21) sobre o espermograma e perfil eletroforético do plasma seminal e membrana plasmática dos espermatozóides; 2) efeito dos períodos experimentais e seleção espermática por gradiente de Percoll sobre as características seminais e 3) fertilidade in vitro e associação com características seminais oriundas do período pré e pósinsulto testicular. No experimento 1, os espermogramas foram avaliados por métodos convencionais, coloração de Fuelgen para estimativa do percentual de fragmentação nuclear (FN) e, perfil eletroforético do plasma seminal e espermatozóides por SDSPAGE a 12,5%...The study was conducted to evaluate the seminal gel electrophoresis profile, spermogramme characteristics and in vitro fertility rate, of semen obtained before and after induction of the testicular degenerative process by scrotal insulation. Four Nelore bulls, between thirty and thirty-six months of age, were subjected to a five days scrotal insult. Semen samples were collected three days (P0) before scrotal insulation and seven (P7), fourteen (P14) and twenty-one (P21) days after the removal of the testicular insult. Three experiments were considered for data analysis: 1) effect of the experimental periods (P0, P7, P14 and P21) on the spermogramme and seminal plasma and plasmatic membrane of spermatozoa gel electrophoresis profile; 2) effect of the experimental periods and sperm selection by Percoll gradient on the seminal characteristics; and 3) in vitro fertility rate and association with seminal characteristics from periods before and after testicular insult. In the experiment 1, the spermogrammes were evaluated by conventional methods beside in the Fuelgen stain for nuclear fragmentation (NF) and proteins profile by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE, 12,5%)..

Histopathological and histomorphometric testicular characteristics associated to reproductive condition in Bos indicus (Nellore) bulls

O objetivo neste estudo foi de avaliar aspectos morfológicos, morfométricos e funcionais da espermatogênese com base na condição reprodutiva seminal em touros Nelore. Foram utilizados 25 touros Bos indicus (Nelore), os quais foram classificados em aptos (n=10) e inaptos (n=15) à reprodução. Após orquiectomia, fragmentos do testículo direito de cada animal foram processados segundo técnicas de rotina e corados com Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE) e Ácido Periódico de Shiff (PAS). As lâminas foram analisadas em microscopia de campo claro em diferentes aumentos. Os segmentos tubulares foram classificados em quatro níveis (normal, degeneração leve e moderada, degeneração acentuada, e hipoplasia tubular) baseados na organização e arquitetura do tecido tubular. Foi obtida a média da altura do epitélio seminífero, da espessura da túnica própria e do diâmetro tubular dos segmentos e foi registrada a proporção de túbulo seminífero, tecido intersticial, vaso linfático e vaso sanguíneo dos testículos de cada touro. Além disso, quantificou-se a frequência das três classificações do ciclo espermatogênico A, B e C (A=agrupamento dos estágios I,II, e III que compreendem as fases iniciais do ciclo e proliferações mitóticas; B= agrupamento dos estágios IV e V que compreendem as fases intermediárias e intensas mitoses; C= agrupamento dos estágios VI, VII e VIII que compreendem as fases finais e de pós-meioses). Os resultados demonstraram que as alterações de caráter degenerativo nas células germinativas estão associadas a variações nos padrões histomorfométricos incluindo a densidade das estruturas que compõem o parênquima testicular e são mais representativas em touros com baixa qualidade seminal. Além disso, os touros inaptos apresentaram redução no potencial meiótico quando comparados aos touros aptos à reprodução. The aim of this study was to evaluate morphological, morphometric and functional aspects of spermatogenesis based on reproductive conditions of Nellore bulls. The study used 25 bulls Bos indicus (Nellore), which were classified as satisfactory (n=10) and unsatisfactory (n=15) for reproduction. After orchiectomy, fragments of the right testis of each animal were processed routinely and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). The slides were analyzed in bright field microscopy at different magnifications. The tubular segments were classified into four levels (normal, mild and moderate degeneration, severe degeneration, and tubular hypoplasia) based on the organization and architecture of the tubular tissue. The average height of the seminiferous epithelium, the average thickness of propria tunic and the average tubular diameter were obtained and the proportion of seminiferous tubules, interstitial tissue, lymphatic vessel and blood vessel of each bull testicle were recorded. Furthermore, the frequency of the three classifications of the spermatogenic cycle A, B and C (A = group of stages I, II, and III which comprise the initial phases of the cycle and mitotic proliferation, B = group of stages IV and V, which comprise intermediate phases and intensive mitosis, C = group stages VI, VII and VIII which comprise the final phases and post-meiosis) was compared. The results showed that the degenerative changes in germ cells are associated with histomorphometric variations, including those in the density of the structures that comprise the testicular parenchyma, and are more representative in bulls with poor semen quality. In addition, the unsatisfactory bulls for reproduction showed reduced meiotic potential compared to that of satisfactory reproductive bulls.

Good agreements between self and clinician-collected specimens for the detection of human papillomavirus in Brazilian patients

Women infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) are at a higher risk of developing cervical lesions. In the current study, self and clinician-collected vaginal and cervical samples from women were processed to detect HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with PGMY09/11 primers. HPV genotypes were determined using type-specific PCR. HPV DNA detection showed good concordance between self and clinician-collected samples (84.6%; kappa = 0.72). HPV infection was found in 30% women and genotyping was more concordant among high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) than low-risk HPV (HR-HPV). HPV16 was the most frequently detected among the HR-HPV types. LR-HPV was detected at a higher frequency in self-collected; however, HR-HPV types were more frequently identified in clinician-collected samples than in self-collected samples. HPV infections of multiple types were detected in 20.5% of clinician-collected samples and 15.5% of self-collected samples. In this study, we demonstrated that the HPV DNA detection rate in self-collected samples has good agreement with that of clinician-collected samples. Self-collected sampling, as a primary prevention strategy in countries with few resources, could be effective for identifying cases of HR-HPV, being more acceptable. The use of this method would enhance the coverage of screening programs for cervical cancer

Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor expression in patients with cervical human papillomavirus infection

Introduction The progression of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the anogenital tract has been associated with the involvement of cells with regulatory properties. Evidence has shown that glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) is an important surface molecule for the characterization of these cells and proposes that GITR ligand may constitute a rational treatment for many cancer types. We aimed to detect the presence of GITR and CD25 in cervical stroma cells with and without pathological changes or HPV infection to better understand the immune response in the infected tissue microenvironment. Methods We subjected 49 paraffin-embedded cervical tissue samples to HPV DNA detection and histopathological analysis, and subsequently immunohistochemistry to detect GITR and CD25 in lymphocytes. Results We observed that 76.9% of all samples with high GITR expression were HPV-positive regardless of histopathological findings. High GITR expression (77.8%) was predominant in samples with ≥1,000 RLU/PCB. Of the HPV-positive samples negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy, 62.5% had high GITR expression. High GITR expression was observed in both carcinoma and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) samples (p = 0.16). CD25 was present in great quantities in all samples. Conclusions The predominance of high GITR expression in samples with high viral load that were classified as HSIL and carcinoma suggests that GITR+ cells can exhibit regulatory properties and may contribute to the progression of HPV-induced cervical neoplasia, emphasizing the importance of GITR as a potential target for immune therapy of cervical cancer and as a disease evolution biomarker

Transitioning through AIDS epidemics - gender and temporality

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To understand the evolution of AIDS over time in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, using incidence, lethality, and mortality coefficients. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiological study based on time series analysis of secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System reported between 1985 and 2012. RESULTS: The prevalence of AIDS was higher among men, with evidence of feminization during the first 14 years of the epidemic. There was no statistically significant sex difference in AIDS lethality. Women were 1.3 times more likely to survive than men. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences must be considered when designing new HIV/AIDS prevention strategies