Detección de Salmonella Javiana en tortugas taricaya (Podocnemis unifilis) en dos parques zoológicos del Perú

The aim of this study was to serotype and determine the antibacterial sensitivity profile of Salmonella spp strains isolated from taricaya turtles (Podocnemis unifilis) from the Huachipa Zoological Park (n = 30). Lima, and the Natural Park of Pucallpa (n = 43), Ucayali, located in the coastal and jungle region of Peru, respectively. A total of 73 samples of cloacal swabs were obtained that were inoculated in Stuart bacterial transport media, enrichment media (tetrathionate broth) and selective media (XLD agar and Salmonella-Shigella), finding typical lactose-negative colonies of Salmonella, which were verified by biochemical tests standard (4.11%, 3/73). The results of the serological typing using the Kauffmann-White scheme showed that two of the three strains corresponded to Salmonella Javiana (O9,12: I, Z28: H5) and the other as not determined. The three positive samples were from juvenile turtles, of indefinite sex and from one of the two centers under study. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests determined that the strains of S. Javiana were sensitive to streptomycin, trimetopim sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin, furazolidone, gentamicin and chloramphenicol and resistant to enrofloxacin, and tetracycline.El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo serotipificar y determinar el perfil de sensibilidad a antibacterianos de cepas de Salmonella spp aisladas de tortugas taricaya (Podocnemis unifilis) del Parque Zoológico Huachipa (n = 30), Lima, y del Parque Natural de Pucallpa (n = 43), Ucayali, ubicados en la región costa y selva del Perú, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron 73 muestras de hisopados cloacales que fueron inoculados en medios de transporte bacteriano Stuart, medios de enriquecimiento (caldo de tetrationato) y medios selectivos (agar XLD y Salmonella-Shigella), encontrando colonias lactosa negativas típicas de Salmonella, que fueron comprobadas mediante pruebas bioquímicas estándar (4.11%, 3/73). Los resultados de la tipificación serológica utilizando el esquema de Kauffmann-White mostraron que dos de las tres cepas correspondieron a Salmonella Javiana (O9,12:I,Z28:H5) y la otra como no determinada. Las tres muestras positivas fueron de tortugas juveniles, de sexo indefinido y de uno de los dos centros en estudio. Las pruebas de sensibilidad frente a antimicrobianos determinaron que las cepas de S. Javiana fueron sensibles a estreptomicina, trimetopim sulfametoxazol, fosfomicina, furazolidona, gentamicina y cloranfenicol y resistentes a enrofloxacina, y tetraciclina

Infecciones del tracto urinario en México, un problema de salud pública

Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) son la tercera causa de morbilidad en México, en promedio más de 4 millones de casos anuales. A pesar de ser un problema de salud pública las ITU han sido poco estudiadas en nuestro país. En este trabajo se realizó una recopilación y análisis de la información generada en México en entre 2007-2022 sobre la etiología de las ITU y la resistencia a antimicrobianos de las cepas de E. coli. Este trabajo confirmó que E. coli es el principal patógeno causante de las ITU en México donde la mayoría de estas cepas mostraron resistencia a las penicilinas (79.1%), quinolonas (56.7%) y fluoroquinolonas (58.5%), complicando el tratamiento empírico de ITU. En este respecto, la OMS ya había alertado sobre el incremento de cepas de E. coli multidrogo resistentes. Por ello, consideramos relevante el uso de terapias alternativas para el tratamiento de las ITU en México.Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the third leading cause of morbidity in Mexico with approximately 4 million cases annually. Despite being a public health problem, UTIs have been little studied in our country. In this review, a compilation and analysis of the information generated in Mexico between 2007-2022 with respect to the etiology of UTIs and resistance to antimicrobial agents presented by E. coli strains is described. The present work confirmed that E. coli is the main pathogen causing UTIs in Mexico, while the antibiotic sensitivity analysis revealed that most of these strains showed resistance to penicillins (79.1%), quinolones (56.7%) and fluoroquinolones (58.5%), complicating the empirical treatment of UTI. In this regard, the WHO already issued a health alert due to the increase in E. coli strains resistant to multiple antibiotics. Thus, we consider relevant the use of alternative therapies for the treatment and control of UTI in Mexico

Potencial probiótico in vitro y actividad antimicrobiana de Lactobacillus aislados de productos lácteos

Lactobacillus es una bacteria con potencial probiótico para aplicación bio-terapéutica. Sin embargo, su impacto depende de cepa-especie específica. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar las posibles propiedades probióticas de Lactobacillus (L): L. rhamnosus KDLS, L. helveticus IMAU70219 y L. casei IMAU60214 obtenidos a partir de leche fermentada. Su potencial probiótico se fundamentó en las propiedades de hidrofobicidad con rangos de (25-30%), auto-agregación (40-70%), tolerancia al NaCl (2-4%), adhesión (30-35%), actividad antimicrobiana de los sobrenadantes libres de células (CFS) de Lactobacillus contra patógenos indicadores como Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, con halos de inhibición (10-20 mm de diámetro). Todos los aislamientos de Lactobacillus mostraron potencial probiótico ideal in vitro que generan actividad antimicrobiana contra patógenos de Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 y E. coli ATCC 35218. Sin embargo, se necesitan futuros estudios in vivo para su impacto en situaciones de la vida real.Lactobacillus is a bacterium with probiotic potential for biotherapeutic application. However, its impact depends on the strain and the species. The objective of the work was to analyze the possible probiotic properties of Lactobacillus (L): L. rhamnosus KDLS, L. helveticus IMAU70219 and L. casei IMAU60214 obtained from fermented milk. Its probiotic potential was based on the properties of hydrophobicity with ranges from (25-30%), auto-aggregation (40-70%), tolerance to NaCl (2-4%), adhesion (30-35%) also antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus cell-free supernatants (CSF) against indicator pathogens Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 with inhibition halos (10-20 mm in diameter). All Lactobacillus isolates showed ideal probiotic potential in vitro exhibiting significant antimicrobial activities against S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 and E. coli ATCC 35218 pathogens. However, future in vivo studies are needed for their impact in real life situations

Effects of lng Mutations on LngA Expression, Processing, and CS21 Assembly in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli E9034A

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of morbidity in children under 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries and a leading cause of traveler's diarrhea worldwide. The ability of ETEC to colonize the intestinal epithelium is mediated by fimbrial adhesins, such as CS21 (Longus). This adhesin is a type IVb pilus involved in adherence to intestinal cells in vitro and bacterial self-aggregation. Fourteen open reading frames have been proposed to be involved in CS21 assembly, hitherto only the lngA and lngB genes, coding for the major (LngA) and minor (LngB) structural subunit, have been characterized. In this study, we investigated the role of the LngA, LngB, LngC, LngD, LngH, and LngP proteins in the assembly of CS21 in ETEC strain E9034A. The deletion of the lngA, lngB, lngC, lngD, lngH, or lngP genes, abolished CS21 assembly in ETEC strain E9034A and adherence to HT-29 cells was reduced 90%, compared to wild-type strain. Subcellular localization prediction of CS21 proteins was similar to other well-known type IV pili homologues. We showed that LngP is the prepilin peptidase of LngA, and that ETEC strain E9034A has another peptidase capable of processing LngA, although with less efficiency. Additionally, we present immuno-electron microscopy imagens to show that the LngB protein could be localized at the tip of CS21, and probably helps to control CS21 length. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the LngA, LngB, LngC, LngD, LngH, and LngP proteins are essential for CS21 assembly, as well as for bacterial aggregation and adherence to HT-29 cells

Contaminación por Escherichia coli Shigatoxigénica en Puestos de Expendio de Carne de Pollo en un Distrito de Lima

The aim of this study was to determine if chicken meat stalls are sources of contamination with shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in Lima, Peru. Swabs from the surfaces of hands, cutting boards and sale tables of 50 chicken meat stalls in a large market in the district of San Juan de Miraflores, Lima, Peru were taken (n=150 samples). Standard microbiological isolation and molecular identification of stx1, stx2 and eaeA genes by PCR was performed. Results showed that 42% (63/150) and 25.3% (38/150) of samples were positive for E. coli and STEC respectively. Besides, 84% (42/50) and 66% (33/50) of chicken meat stalls had at least one contaminated surface with E. coli and STEC respectively. Also, 68.3% (43/63) of strains of E. coli isolated were pathogenic for presenting at least one of the evaluated genes. There were 38 STEC strains and presented stx1 (19.0%, 12/63), stx2 (14.3%, 9/63) and the associations stx1 and stx2 (12.7%, 8/63), stx1, stx2 and eaeA (6.3%, 4/63), stx2 and eaeA (4.8%, 3/63), and stx1 y eaeA (3.2%, 2/63). Poor hygiene practices were observed in the chicken meat retail stores. It is confirmed that chicken meat stalls in the Lima market were potential sources of contamination of STEC.El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar si los puestos de venta de carne de pollo son una fuente de contaminación con Escherichia coli shigatoxigénica (STEC) en mercados de abastos. Se tomaron hisopados de la superficie de manos, tablas de picar y mesas de expendio de 50 puestos de expendio de carne de pollo en el distrito de San Juan de Miraflores, Lima, Perú (n=150 muestras). Se realizó aislamiento microbiológico estándar e identificación molecular de los genes stx1, stx2 y eaeA mediante PCR. El 42% (63/150) y 25.3% (38/150) de las muestras fueron positivas a E. coli y STEC, respectivamente. El 84% (42/50) y 66% (33/50) de los puestos de venta poseían al menos una de las superficies contaminadas con E. coli y STEC, respectivamente. El 68.3% (43/63) de las cepas de E. coli aisladas fueron patógenas por presentar al menos un gen evaluado. De estas, 38 cepas fueron STEC y presentaron los genes stx1 (19.0%, 12/63), stx2 (14.3%, 9/63) y las asociaciones: stx1 y stx2 (12.7%, 8/63), stx1, stx2 y eaeA (6.3%, 4/63), stx2 y eaeA (4.8%, 3/63), y stx1 y eaeA (3.2%, 2/63). Se observaron prácticas de higiene deficientes en el puesto de venta y durante el expendio. Se confirma que los puestos de venta de carne de pollo del mercado limeño son fuente potencial de contaminación de STEC

Phage Display Detection of Mimotopes that Are Shared Epitopes of Clinically and Epidemiologically Relevant Enterobacteria

Background: Escherichia coli and Salmonella are etiologic agents of intestinal infections. A previous study showed the presence of shared epitopes between lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of E. coli O157 and Salmonella. Aim: Using phage display, the aim of this study is to identify mimotopes of shared epitopes in different enterobacterial LPSs. Methods: We use anti-LPS IgG from E. coli O157 and Salmonella to select peptide mimotopes of the M13 phage. The amino acid sequence of the mimotopes is used to synthesize peptides, which are in turn used to immunize rabbits. The antibody response of the resulting sera against the LPSs and synthetic peptides (SPs) is analyzed by ELISA and by Western blot assays, indicating that LPS sites are recognized by the same antibody. In a complementary test, the reactions of human serum samples obtained from the general population against the SPs and LPSs are also analyzed. Results: From the last biopanning phase, sixty phagotopes are selected. The analysis of the peptide mimotope amino acid sequences shows that in 4 of them the S/N/A/PF motif is a common sequence. Antibodies from the sera of immunized rabbits with SP287/3, SP459/1, SP308/3, and SP073/14 react against both their own peptide and the different LPSs. The Western blot test shows a sera reaction against both the lateral chains and the cores of the LPSs. The analysis of the human sera shows a response against the SPs and LPSs. Conclusion: The designed synthetic peptides are mimotopes of LPS epitopes of Salmonella and E. coli that possess immunogenic capacity. These mimotopes could be considered for use in the design of vaccines against both enterobacteria

Listeriosis in Mexico: Clinical and epidemiological importance

Listeriosis is caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an important food-borne disease due to its clinical forms, high mortality rate, and the economic impact in both clinical and food production industries. In Mexico, the lack of epidemiological surveillance systems leads to the need of accurate data on the incidence of listeriosis and its association with food-borne disease. In this paper, we present data about the presence of this bacterium in food, reports related to clinical cases of listeriosis, and information of diseases in which L. monocytogenes may be involved. However, in most of these cases the etiology was not established. Given this, there´s a need to inform and warn the appropriate entities, to define strategies for the mandatory search of L. monocytogenes through the whole food production chain and clinical suspects, for the epidemiological importance and control of listeriosis in Mexico

Microbiological Quality of Fresh Nopal Juice

The consumption of fresh nopal cactus juice is widely popular among health-conscious consumers in Mexico. The juice is prepared from fresh cladodes that have only been rinsed with tap water and are not subjected to a pasteurization or terminal bacterial reduction process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of commercially available fresh juices (n = 162) made with nopal in Texcoco, State of Mexico, during the summer and spring season. Standard microbiological methods, the PCR technique and the serological method were used for isolation and identification of bacteria. All samples contained total coliforms and 91% were positive for Escherichia coli. Although total coliforms and E. coli were detected throughout the study, their populations were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in winter and spring, respectively. Citrobacter youngae was found in 20% of the samples, an unidentified species of Citrobacter in 10%, C. freundii and Proteus mirabilis in 3%, and Salmonella Javiana in 1%. The presence of these microorganisms, especially Salmonella, in the nopal juices is unacceptable due to its health significance. The information generated in this study is relevant for human health risk assessment associated with the consumption of unpasteurized nopal juices and potential interventions to minimize pathogen contamination

Serotypes of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1 Isolated from Water Supplies for Human Consumption in Campeche, México and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern

The presence of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 in water supplies for human consumption in the city of Campeche and rural locality of Bécal was investigated. V. cholerae non-O1 was detected in 5.9% of the samples obtained in deep pools of Campeche. Studies conducted in Bécal and neighbourhood of Morelos in Campeche indicated that collected samples harbored V. cholerae non-O1 in 31.5% and 8.7% respectively. There was a particular pattern of distribution of V. cholerae non-O1 serotypes among different studied regions. Accordingly, V. cholerae non-O1 serotype O14 predominated in the deep pools of Campeche and together with V. cholerae non-O1, O155 were preferentially founds in samples taken from intradomiciliary faucets in the neighbourhood of Morelos. Samples from Bécal predominantly presented the serotype O112. 60% and 53.8% of all studied strains of V. cholerae non-O1 proved to be resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin. 3.1%, 7.7% and 6.2% presented resistant to doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin respectively. The study showed the necessity of performing a strong epidemiologic surveillance for emergence and distribution of V. cholerae non-O