Gambaran Histopalogik Payudara Mencit (Mus Muscullus) Yang Diinduksi Dengan Senyawa Karsinogenik Benzo(α)pyrene Dan Diberikan Ekstrak Buah Mengkudu (Morinda Citrifolia L)

: Breast cancer has the highest incidence of all cancers in women worldwide. Its etiology is still unknown, however, there are several risk factors considered as the primary contributors to the occurrence of breast cancer including life style, reproduction, genetic mutation, and hormonal inbalance. Benzo(α)pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound (PAH), is known as a carcinogenic agent that can cause genetic mutations. Noni (Morinda citrifolia L) can be used as a natural medicine because it contains active compounds such as anti-microbial (antrhaquinone), anti-cancer (damnacanthal), proxeronin, alkaloids, minerals, vitamins, and some essential amino acids. This study aimed to determine the differences between the histopathologic features of the breasts of female mice administered and not administered with noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L) after induction with benzo(α)pyren. This was an experimental study. There were 16 female mice approximately ± 2 months old with body weight approximately 20 gr divided into 4 groups: 1) Negative control, without any treatment for 28 days and mice were terminated on day 29. (2) Treatment I, breasts were injected with benzo(α)pyrene 0.3 mg/head/day subcutaneously for 14 days and mice were terminated on day 29; 3) Treatment II, breasts were injected with benzo(α)pyrene 0,3 mg/head/day subcutaneously for 14 days and mice were administered with noni fruit extract 0.5 mg/head/day on days 15-35 and mice were terminated on day 36; and 4) Treatment III, breasts were injected with benzo(α)pyrene 0,3 mg/head/day subcutaneously for 14 days and mice were administered with noni fruit extract 1.5 mg/head/day on day 15-35 and then were terminated on day 36. The results showed that the negative control group showed normal microscopic features of breast tissues. Treatment I group presented hyperplasia of the columnar epithelial cells lining the lactiferous ducts (> 4 layers) as well as cells with coarse nucleus chromatin and inflammatory cells. Treatment II and treatment III groups still presented hyperplasia of the columnar epithelial cells in milder manifestation than that of treatment I group (4 layers) while those of the mice administered with noni fruit extract after being induced with benzo(α)pyrene showed milder hyperplasia of the columnar epithelial cells (<4 layers)

Gambaran Histopatologik Hati Tikus Wistar Yang Diberi Minuman Kopi Pasca Induksi Karbon Tetraklorida (CCl4)

: Liver is the central of body metabolism and therefore is the major organ that suffers the most when subjected to free radicals and toxins, e.g carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). One of the herbal plants that is useful for treating liver damage is coffee. Coffee beans contains chlorogenic acid, an antioxidant, that can prevent liver damage. This study aimed to obtain a histopathological features of the liver of Wistar rats administered with coffee after induced with CCl4. This was a laboratory experimental study. Samples were 24 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided into four groups. Rats in group 1 were the negative control. Rats in group 2 were induced with CCl4 0.05 ml/day for 5 days. Rats in group 3 were induced with CCl4 0.05 ml/day for 5 days, followed by coffee administration 1 ml/day for 7 days. Rats in group 4 were induced with CCl4 0.05 ml/day for 5 days then were given no treatment for 7 days. Termination was done on day 6 (group 1 and 2) and day 13 (group 3 and 4). The results showed that rats in group 2 histophatologically showed fatty liver formation and inflammation. Rats in group 3 were the same as group 4 in the terms showed regeneration of hepatocytes. Conclusion: Administration of coffe 1 ml/day (single dose) for seven days after induction with CCl4 for five days showed regeneration of hepatocytes which was similar to that in physiological condition

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Cengkeh (Syzygium Aromaticum) Terhadap Gambaran Histopatologik Hati Tikus Wistar Yang Diberikan Parasetamol Dosis Toksik

: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) contains eugenol, a phenolic compound, which has been suggested to possess antioxidant activity. This compound is suspected to be able to minimize damage to the liver cells caused by drugs such as paracetamol. This study aimed to observe the effects of clove leaf extract on histopathological features of Wistar rat liver tissue induced with toxic doses of paracetamol. This was an experimental laboratory study. Subjects were 24 male Wistar rats. The dose of clove leaf extract was 200 mg/day (single dose) and of paracetamol 50 mg/day (single dose) orally. Group A (negative control) was given no treatment for 14 days. Group B was given paracetamol for 14 days. Group C was given clove leaf extract for 7 days and then added with paracetamol for 7 days. Group D was given clove leaf extract and paracetamol simultaneously for 14 days. Group A showed normal histological feature of liver cells. Group B showed liver cell damage induced by paracetamol. Group C showed regeneration of liver cells, but there were still some necrosis and fatty liver cells. Group D showed regeneration of liver cells meanwhile cell necrosis was hardly found. Conclusion: Clove leaf extract could improve the histopathological changes of liver tissues of Wistar rats due to administration of paracetamol at toxic dose. This improvement was manifested as better regeneration of liver cells than that of rats not treated with clover leaf extract

Gambaran Histopatologik Lambung Tikus Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus) Yang Diinduksi Asam Mefenamat Dan Diberi Susu Kental Manis

: Empirically, sweet condensed milk is often consumed by gastritis patients with acute gastritis to relieve the symptoms of epigastric pain. Its amphoteric acidity (pH 6,5 - 6,7), sweet taste, nutritional and oligosaccharides contents are some factors that are predicted to influence the relieve of epigastric pain. Acute gastritis can be induced by NSAIDs, such as mefenamic acid. This study aimed to reveal the histopathological features of the gaster of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced with mefenamic acid and fed with sweet condensed milk. This was laboratory experimental study using 21 Wistar rats. Rats were divided into three groups (seven rats in each group). Group A was the negative control, group B was induced with mefenamic acid 23,25 mg/day for seven days, and group C were induced with mefenamic acid 23,25 mg/day and administered with sweet condensed milk 0,8 ml/day simultaneously for seven days. All rats were terminated on day 8. The results showed that histopathological features of the gaster of Wistar rats had less inflammatory cells and more regenerated cells than that of rats in group B. Conclusion: Histopathological features of gaster of Wistar rats induced with mefenamic acid and treated with sweet condensed milk showed milder signs of acute gastritis and better cell regeneration than that of Wistar rat not treated with sweet condensed milk

Gambaran Histopatologik Payudara Mencit (Mus Musculus) Yang Diinduksi Benzo(α)pyrene Dan Diberikan Ekstrak Kunyit (Curcuma Longa L.)

: Breast cancer (Carcinoma mammae) is one of the most common cancers affecting women. The etiology of breast cancer is still unknown, however, there are several important risk factors linked to the occurence of breast cancer, as follows: genetic, hormonal, and environmental. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHA) such as benzo(a)pyrene is a carcinogenic agent that can be found in the surrounding environment. It has been proven that benzo(a)pyrene can induce tumors in experimental animal models. Turmeric is a natural biocompound that is often used to treat cancer due to its curcumin contents. Curcumin interacts with a variety of genetic molecules that undergo mutation in cancer. This study aimed to determine the effects of turmeric extract administration on the hispathological features of the breast of mice induced with benzo(a)pyrene. This was an experimental study using 15 female mice weighing 20-30g divided into 3 groups. Group A (negative control) was given standard food for 28 days and terminated on day 29. Group B (treatment I), the breasts were induced with benzo(a)pyrene subcutaneously for 14 days and the mice were terminated on day 29. Group C (treatment II), the breasts were induced with benzo(a)pyrene for 14 days and the mice were given the tumeric extract on day 15-28 and then terminated on day 29. Tissues were stained with hematoxylin eosin. The results showed that Group A had normal microscopic features of breast tissues. Group B showed PMN inflammatory cells, thickening layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding the lactiferous ducts (>4 layers) as well as cells with coarse nucleus chromatin. Although mice in group C still presented the PMN inflammatory cells, their cuboidal epithelial layers were thinner than that of group B (2-3 layers) and the cells contained rough nucleus chromatin. Conclusion: The histopathological features of the breast of benzo(a)pyrene induced mice administered with turmeric extract showed fewer layers of cuboidal epithelial cells with rough nucleus chromatin of the lactiferous duct cells wall compared to those treated with benzo(a)pyrene without turmeric extract

Efek Daun Sirih Merah (Piper Crocatum) Terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Dan Gambaran Morfologi Endokrin Pankreas Tikus Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus)

: Leaves of 'sirih merah‘ (Piper Crocatum) contain compounds such as flavonoid, alkaloid and tannin, wich are capable of lowering blood sugar levels. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the administration of ‘sirih merah' broth on blood sugar levels and histopathological features of pancreatic endocrine. This was a laboratory experimental study which was conducted for five month using 12 wistar rats as objects. The rats were divided into four groups: Group A (negative control), which received no treatment; group B, which were given the broth of ‘sirih merah' at 2,4 ml; Group C, which were given sugar solution at 2,4 ml; and Group D, which were given the broth (1,2 ml) and sugar solution (1,2 ml). The results revealed that the levels of blood sugar decreased in rats in Groups B and D but increased in Group C. When compared with rats in Group A, the size and the number of Langerhans islets increased in Group C (more than twice). On the contrary, the number of Langerhans islets in Group D was relatively similar with that of Group A. Conclusion: The administration of the broth of ‘sirih merah' leaves is able to lower blood sugar levels and to cause hyperplasia of pancreatic Langerhans islets

Gambaran Histopatologik Lambung Tikus Wistar Yang Diberikan Ekstrak Daun Sirsak (Annona Muricata L.) Setelah Induksi Aspirin

: Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory drug which can cause side effect such as damage of the gastric mucous. Soursop leaf is usually used for medical treatment because it contains flavonoid compound which has the antioxidant and anti-inflamatory activity and may protect gastric mucous from the side effects of aspirin. This study aimed to reveal the histopathological features of the gaster of wistar rats administered with soursop leaf extract after induced with aspirin. This was an experimental study using 20 Wistar rats. Rats were divided into negative control group (A) and treatment groups. Treatment groups were divided into; rats induced with aspirin 30mg for 10 days (B); rats administered with soursop leaf extract 80mg before induced with aspirin 30mg for 10 days (C); rats induced with aspirin 30mg for 10 days and administered with soursop leaf extract 80mg for the next 3 days (D); and rats induced with aspirin 30mg for 10 days and not treated for the next 3 days (E). Groups A, B and C were terminated on 11th day, meanwhile groups D and E were terminated on 14th day. The results showed normal histological features in group A. Group B showed acute gastritic features such as many PMN inflammatory cells in the mucous to serous layers, submucous edema, and capillary dilatation. Groups C and D showed many PMN inflammatory cells in the mucous to submucous layers. Group E showed decreased PMN inflammatory cells in mucous to submucous layers. Conclusion: Administration of soursop leaf extract could not decrease the acute gastritic signs such as inflammatory cells, edema and capillary dilatation in the gaster of Wistar rats induced with aspirin

Frequency of the Common MYH Mutations (G382D and Y165C) in MMR Mutation Positive and Negative HNPCC Patients

Recently mutations in the MYH gene have been associated with a milder form of adenomatous polyposis which is characterized by a variable level of colonic polyps ranging from a few to several hundred. In the context of HNPCC it is not unusual to identify patients with a smattering of polyps. The MYH gene product is involved in DNA repair and indeed the hMSH2/hMSH6 complex (both genes being essential elements of the DNA mismatch repair pathway) is required to stimulate MYH activity. We reasoned that because of the clinical similarity of a subset of HNPCC patients to those described with MYH mutations and the role of the hMSH2/hMSH6 complex in the activation of MYH protein that MYH mutations may account for a small proportion of HNPCC patients. In a study of 442 HNPCC patients we identified MYH mutations at the same frequency as that expected in the general population. Nevertheless, two HNPCC families were identified harbouring biallelic changes in MYH