Legislate or Delegate? Bargaining over Implementation and Legislative Authority in the European Union

In this article we explain how actors' ability to bargain successfully in order to advance their institutional preferences has changed over time as a function of the particular institutional context. We show how actors use their bargaining power under given institutional rules in order to shift the existing balance between legislation and delegation, and shift the rules governing delegation in their favor, between formal treaty changes. We argue that a collective actor's preferences over delegation is a function of whether the actor has more ability to influence policy through delegation or through legislation. We go on to argue that the degree to which a specific actor's preferences can prevail (in a setting in which different actors have different preferences) will depend upon its bargaining power under existing institutional rules, i.e. its ability to impede or veto policy in order to change the division between legislation and delegation and the rules of delegation. Our primary focus in this article is on choice over procedure; i.e. the battles over whether or not delegation or legislation should be employed. We maintain a secondary focus on change in procedure, examining how different procedures of comitology have come into being and been removed from the table. We examine the evolution of the debate over comitology and implementation, over five key periods. We scrutinize how actors within these periods seek to shift the balance of legislation and delegation and the rules of delegation according to their preferences. Our conclusions assess our empirical findings on the basis of our model.accountability; European Commission; Council of Ministers; European Parliament; European Parliament

Three Essays on Strategic Capital Allocation

Internal capital allocation is both economically important: $640 billion in the U.S. annually) and critical to firm strategy. Yet since Bower\u27s 1986 book, the topic has been largely ignored in the strategy literature. My dissertation comprises three essays that begin to fill this gap by examining the strategic implications of resource allocation behavior and outcomes. The first essay, Do Firms Really Allocate Capital So Inefficiently?, tackles the prevailing conclusion that the bulk of capital allocation is inefficient. I define an alternative: strategic) definition of efficiency and demonstrate not only that managers are more than twice as efficient as prior literature suggests, but also that strategic capital allocation affects firm value. The second essay, Chasing their Tails: Why Do Firms Subsidize Underperforming Segments?, examines why multidivisional firms delay the exit decision by cross-subsidizing their underperforming business units. I conclude first that these cross-subsidizing investments appear to be motivated by anticipated synergies between the units. However, I also demonstrate these synergies are illusive because they don\u27t enhance market value. The third essay, Corporate Investment and Managerial Foresight, investigates the ability of some firms to make unique investment decisions that enhance future value. I find that managerial characteristics, in particular a tendency to be overconfident, is associated with managerial foresight

Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive Dissonance is a creative, short film based upon the Standpoint Theory and cross cultural communication. This film explores cross cultural communication between a police officer and a black male who has a fixed, negative perspective of police. The purpose of this film is to correlate the study of police brutality against black Americans portrayed in the media with discourse through cross cultural communication a police officer and a black American.The research argues that cultural identity and world view directly reflect representation in media. This research also explains culture, Standpoint Theory, and how the media representations of black youth and police interactions have strained their relationships. The film acts as an interpretation of entertainment education about cross cultural communication. Cognitive Dissonance poses an idea of a relationship that can begin through cross cultural communication.Understanding Standpoint Theory and cultural representation, cross cultural communication is possible as well as steps towards productive communication between effected communities and their law enforcement

Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes

Key Words and Phrases: parallel processes, parallel or asynchronous computations, partial orders of events, Actor theory. CR Categories: 5.21, 5.24, 5.26. This report describes research done at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Support for the laboratory's artificial intelligence research is provided in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense under Office of Naval Research contract N00014-75-C-0522.This paper presents some laws that must be satisfied by computations involving communicating parallel processes. The laws are stated in the context of the actor theory, a model for distributed parallel computation, and take the form of stating plausible restrictions on the histories of parallel computations to make them physically realizable. The laws are justified by appeal to physical intuition and are to be regarded as falsifiable assertions about the kinds of computations that occur in nature rather than as proven theorems in mathematics. The laws are used to analyze the mechanisms by which multiple processes can communicate to work effectively together to solve difficult problems. Since the causal relations among the events in a parallel computation do not specify a total order on events, the actor model generalizes the notion of computation from a sequence of states to a partial order of events. The interpretation of unordered events in this partial order is that they proceed concurrently. The utility of partial orders is demonstrated by using them to express our laws for distributed computation.MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agenc

The influence of personalistic idealism on the theology of Augustus H Strong

This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

The Swallow\u27s Song : Canto de la Golondrina

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-ps/2380/thumbnail.jp