Biomecánica del pilar canino en el cráneo humano basada en la geometría utilizando análisis de elementos finitos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)This study evaluated the stress distribution based on the canine pillar geometry in human skull, using a finite element analysis. Computed tomography of human skull was used to build a finite element model, which was composed by all bony structures of canine pillar: canine eminence, canine fossa, frontal process of maxilla, glabellum and superciliary arch. A support on the bite contact of maxillary canine tooth and a resultant force of the masticatory muscles was applied in the simulation. Equivalent Von-mises and maximum principal stresses were analyzed along the structures that compose the canine pillar geometry. Von-mises stress presented high stress concentrated at the canine fossa and frontal process of maxilla. Maximum principal stress showed compression areas at the canine fossa and part of frontal process and tensile stress at canine eminence and part of the frontal process. In conclusion, the different stress areas means different force concentrations transmitted along the canine pillar geometry during a peak canine bite.This study evaluated the stress distribution based on the canine pillar geometry in human skull, using a finite element analysis. Computed tomography of human skull was used to build a finite element model, which was composed by all bony structures of can321214220CAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)sem informaçãoEste estudio evaluó la distribución de la tensión sobre la geometría del pilar canino en el cráneo humano, utilizando análisis de elementos finitos. Se usó la tomografía computarizada de cráneo humano para construir un modelo de elementos finitos compuestBrazil for financial support and the Center for Information Technology “Renato Archer” (Campinas, Brazil) for technical and scientific suppor

Trigeminal Neuralgia: Literature Review

The trigeminal nerve, fifth equal of cranial nerves, a mixed nerve is considered by possessing motor and sensitive components. The sensitive portion takes to the Nervous System Central somesthesics information from the skin and mucous membrane of great area of the face, being responsible also for a neural disease, known as the Trigeminal Neuralgia. The aim of this study was to review the literature on the main characteristics of Trigeminal Neuralgia, the relevant aspects for the diagnosis and treatment options for this pathology. This neuralgia is characterized by hard pains and sudden, similar to electric discharges, with duration between a few seconds to two minutes, in the trigeminal nerve sensorial distribution. The pain is unchained by light touches in specific points in the skin of the face or for movements of the facial muscles, it can be caused by traumatic sequels or physiologic processes degenerative associate the vascular compression. Prevails in the senior population, frequently in the woman. In a unilateral way it attacks more the maxillary and mandibular divisions, rarely happens in a simultaneous way in the three branches of trigeminal nerve three branches.30115Adams, R.D., Victor, M., (1985) Principles of Neurology, , New York: Mc Graw-Hill Book CompanyBayer, D.B., Stenger, T.G., Trigeminal Neuralgia: An overview (1979) Oral Surgery, 48 (5), pp. 393-399. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(79)90064-1Bennetto, L., Patel, N.K., Fuller, G., (2007) Trigeminal Neuralgia and Its Management, 334, pp. 201-205. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39085.614792.BE, BMJ, PMid:17255614 PMCid:1782012Brow, J.A., Percutaneous balloon compression for trigeminal Neuralgia (2009) Clinical Neurosurgery, 56, pp. 73-76. , PMid:20214036Eskandar, E., Barker, F.G., Rabinov, J.D., Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case21-2006. A61-year-old man with left-sided facial pain (2006) New England Journal of Medicine, 355, pp. 183-188. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcpc069011, PMid:16837683Fardy, M.J., Patton, D.W., Complication associated with peripheral alcohol injections in the management of trigeminal neuralgia (1994) British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 32 (6), pp. 387-391. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-4356(94)90031-0Frizzo, H.M., Hasse, P.N., Veronese, R.M., Neuralgia do Trigêmeo: Revisão Bibliográfica Analítica (2004) Revista De Cirurgia E Traumatologia Buco-Maxilo-Facial, 4 (4), pp. 212-217Galassi, C., Blasi, G., Galassi, G., Serra, M., Faverio, A., Nevralgie trigeminali ed altre algie del capo (1985) Parodontologia E Stomatologia (nuova), 2, pp. 45-160Goto, F., Ishizaki, K., Yoshikawa, D., Obata, H., Arii, H., Terada, M., The long lasting effects of peripheral nerve blocks for trigeminal neuralgia using a high concentration of tetracaine dissolved in bupivacaine (1999) Pain, 79, pp. 101-103. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00156-0Gusmão, S., Magaldi, M., Arantes, A., Rizotomia trigeminal por radiofrequência para tratamento da neuralgia do trigêmeo: Resultados e modificação técnica (2003) Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 61 (2), pp. 434-440. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2003000300020, PMid:12894280Hotta, T.H., Bataglion, A., Bataglion, C., Bezzon, O.L., Involvemente of dental occlusion and trigeminal neuralgia: A clinical report (1997) Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 77 (4), pp. 343-345. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(97)70155-0Jacob, R.P., Rhoton, J.A.L., Diagnosis and Nonoperative Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia (1996) In: YOUMANS, JR. Neurological Surgery, 5, pp. 3376-3385. , 4th Ed. W. B. Saunders CompanyJanneta, P.G., Gross (Mesoscopic) description of the human trigeminal nerve and ganglion (1963) Journal of Neurosurgery, 20, pp. 109-111Katusic, S., Beard, M.B., Bergstralh, E., Kurland, L.T., Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota:1945-1984 (1990) Annals of Neurology, 27, pp. 89-95. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410270114, PMid:2301931Krafft, R.M., Trigeminal neuralgia (2008) American Family Physician, 77, pp. 1291-1296. , PMid:18540495Linskey, M.E., Jho, H.D., Jannetta, P.J., Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia caused by vertebrobasilar compression (1994) Journal of Neurosurgery, 81, pp. 1-9. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.81.1.0001, PMid:8207508Loh, H.S., Ling, S.Y., Shanmuhasuntharam, P., Zain, R., Yeo, J.F., Khoo, S.P., Trigeminal neuralgia. A retrospective survey of a sample of patients in Singapore and Malaysia (1998) Australian Dental Journal, 43 (3), pp. 188-191. , PMid:9707784Luna, E.B., Graça, L.F.A., Silva, D.C.O., Bérzin, F., Silva, Z., Souza, G.C., Mitri, F.F., Aspectos Anatômicos e Patológicos da Neuralgia do Trigêmeo: Uma revisão da literatura para estudantes e profissionais da saúde (2010) Bioscience Journal, 26 (4), pp. 661-674Maestri, J.M., Holzer, F., Fisiopatología de la neuralgia del trigémeno (1993) Revista Chilena De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 31 (3), pp. 317-321Mattos, J.M.B., Bueno, F.V., Mattos, L.R., Neuralgia do Trigêmeo: Um novo protocolo de tratamento clínico (2005) Revista Dor, 6 (4), pp. 652-656Meneses, M.S., Clemente, R., Russ, H.H., Traitement microchirurgical de la névralgie du trijumeau (1995) Neurochirurgie, 41 (5), pp. 349-352. , PMid:8577355Monzillo, P.H., Sanvito, W.L., Costa, A.R., Cluster-Tic, S., Syndrome: Report of five new cases (2000) Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 58, pp. 518-521. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2000000300019, PMid:10920416Neville, B.W., Damm, D.D., Allen, C.M., Bouquot, J.E., (2004) Patologia Oral E Maxilofacial.2.ed, pp. 865-867. , Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara KooganNurmikko, T.J., Eldridge, P.R., (2001) Trigeminal Neuralgia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Current Treatment. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, 87, pp. 117-132. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/87.1.117Patterson, C.W., Trigeminal neuralgia-a dental diagnosis challenge (1999) Northwest Dentistry, 78 (3), pp. 19-24Peters, G., Nurmikko, T.J., Peripheral and gasserian ganglion-level precedures for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (2002) Clinical Journal of Pain, 18 (1), pp. 28-34. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002508-200201000-00005, PMid:11803300Quesada, G.A.T., Baptista, C.E., Daiana, S.P., Douglas, L.F., Neuralgia Trigeminal-do diagnóstico ao tratamento (2005) Revista Dentística, (11)Siqueira, S.R.D.T., Nóbrega, J.C.M., Valle, L.B.S., Teixeira, M.J., Siqueira, J.T.T., Clinical aspects and dental procedures (2004) Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, 98 (3), pp. 311-315Toda, K., Trigeminal neuralgia: Symptoms, diagnosis, classification, and related disorders (2007) Oral Science International, 4 (1), pp. 1-9. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1348-8643(07)80006-1Tronnier, V.M., Rasche, D., Hamer, J., Treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: Comparison of long-term outcome after radiofrequency rhizotomy and microvascular decompression (2001) Neurosurgery, 48, pp. 1261-1268. , PMid:11383728Türp, J.C., Gobetti, J.P., Trigeminal neuralgia versus atypical facial pain: A review of the literature and case report (1996) Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, 81 (4), pp. 424-432Yoon, K.B., Wiles, J.R., Miles, J.B., Nurmikko, T.J., Long-term outcome of percutaneous thermocoagulation for trigeminal neuralgia (1999) Anaesthesia, 54 (80), pp. 798-808Yoshimasu, F., Kurland, L.T., Elvelvack, L.R., Tic dolourex in Rochester, Minnesota (1972) Neurology, 22, pp. 952-956. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.22.9.952, 1945-1969. PMid:467338

Incidence Of The Ossified Pterygoalar Ligament In Brazilian Human Skulls And Its Clinical Implications

The ossified pterygoalar ligament is formed between the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process and the infratemporal surface of the sphenoid bone or its greater wing and was not connected to the sphenoid spine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of the ossified pterygoalar ligament in Brazilian human skulls and analyzing its clinical importance. 183 Brazilian adult (between 30 to 60 years old) dry human skulls were evaluated. Was evaluated the incidence of skulls with complete or partial ossification of the pterygoalar ligament, bilaterally and unilaterally and in the presence on the right and left sides. Were found 5 skulls had the ossified pterygoalar ligament, resulting in an overall incidence of 2.73%. There was 1 skull in the presence of the incomplete ossification of the pterygoalar ligament, unilaterally and on the left side resulting in incidence of 0.54%. There were 4 skulls in the presence of the complete ossification of the pterygoalar ligament, unilaterally and on the right side resulting in incidence of 2.18%. The ossified pterygoalar ligament is a major cause of the entrapment of the lingual nerve or a branch of the mandibular nerve and may cause mandibular neuralgia. The incidence of the ossified pterygoalar ligament and the pterygoalar foramen is low in the Brazilian population. However, these structures have clinical significance as this ligament establish relationships with the ovale foramen and difficulty in accessing in this foramen in a therapeutic approach.2816971Antonopoulou, M., Piagou, M., Anagnostopoulou, S., An anatomical study of the pterygospinous and pterygoalar bars and foramina - their clinical relevance (2008) Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 36 (2), pp. 104-108Das, S., Paul, S., Ossified pterygospinous ligament and its clinical implications (2007) Bratislavské Lekárske Listy, 108 (3), pp. 141-143Erdogmus, S., Pinar, Y., Celik, S., A cause of entrapment of the lingual nerve: Ossified pterygospinous ligament - A case report (2009) Neuroanatomy, 8, pp. 43-45Kapur, E., Dilberović, F., Redzepagić, S., Berhamović, E., Variation in the lateral plate of the pterygoid process and the lateral subzygomatic approach to the mandibular nerve (2000) Medicinski Arhiv, 54 (3), pp. 133-137Krmpotic-Nemanic, J., Vinter, I., Hat, J., Jalsovec, D., Mandibular neuralgia due to anatomical variations (1999) European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 256 (4), pp. 205-208. , DOI 10.1007/s004050050141Ludinghausen, M., Kageyama, I., Miura, M., Alkhatib, M., Morphological peculiarities of the deep infratemporal fossa in advanced age (2006) Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 28, pp. 284e-292eNayak, S.R., Saralaya, V., Prabhu, L.V., Pai, M.M., Vadgaonkar, R., D'Costa, S., Pterygospinous bar and foramina in Indian skulls: Incidence and phylogenetic significance (2007) Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 29 (1), pp. 5-7. , DOI 10.1007/s00276-006-0154-4Patnaik, W.G., Rajan Singla, K., Bala, S., Bilateral pterygo-alar bar and porus crotaphitico-buccinatorius e a case report (2001) Journal of the Anatomical Society of India, 50, pp. 161-162Peker, T., Karakose, M., Anil, A., Turgut, H.B., Gulekon, N., The Incidence of Basal Sphenoid Bony Bridges in Dried Crania and Cadavers: Their Anthropological and Clinical Relevance (2002) European Journal of Morphology, 40 (3), pp. 171-180. , DOI 10.1076/ejom.40.3.171.16686Peuker, E.T., Fischer, G., Filler, T.J., Entrapment of the lingual nerve due to an ossified pterygospinous ligament (2001) Clinical Anatomy, 14 (4), pp. 282-284. , DOI 10.1002/ca.1048Piagkou, M.N., Demesticha, T., Piagkos, G., Androutsos, G., Skandalakis, P., Mandibular nerve entrapment in the infratemporal fossa (2010) Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 10Shaw, J.P., Pterydospinous and pterygoalar foramina: A role in the etiology of trigeminal neuralgia? (1993) Clinical Anatomy, 6, pp. 173e-178eSkrzat, J., Walocha, J., Srodek, R., An anatomical study of the pterygoalar bar and the pterygoalar foramen (2005) Folia Morphologica, 64 (2), pp. 92-96Suazo Galdames, I., Zavando Matamala, D., Smith, R.L., Anatomical study of the pterygospinous and pterygoalar bony bridges and foramens in dried crania and its clinical relevance (2010) International Journal of Morphology, 28 (2), pp. 405-408Williams, P.L., Bannister, L.H., Berry, M.M., Collin, P., Dyson, M., Dussek, J.E., Ferguson, M.W.J., (2000) Gray's Anatomy, pp. 588-801. , 38th ed. New York: Churchill Livingston

Emissary Foramens Of The Human Skull: Anatomical Characteristics And Its Relations With Clinical Neurosurgery [forámenes Emisarios Del Cráneo Humano: Características Anatómicas Y Sus Relaciones Con La Neurocirugía Clínica]

The recognition of emissary foramens is important not only for understanding the regional neurovascular anatomy, but also to distinguish normal from potentially abnormal structures. Thus, the aim of this study was to review the literature on anatomical and clinical aspects of the mastoid, parietal and sphenoid emissary foramens. It was found that the emissary foramen presents importance in clinical practice because it acts as a route of spread of extracranial infection to the intracranial structures and also possible complications in neurosurgery, due to its influence in the performance of techniques such as radiofrequency rhizotomy for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. The anatomical knowledge of the emissary foramens is important due to variability in their incidence in the human skull and its relation to the dura mater sinuses.311287292Bergman, R.A., Afifi, A.K., Miyauchi, R., (1995) Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus V: Skeletal systems: CraniumBoyd, G.I., Emissary foramina of cranium in man and the anthropoids (1930) J. Anat., 65, pp. 108-121Casella, A.M.B., Monteiro, M.L.R., Rgensteiner, D.B.W., Caldeira, J.B.F., Regeneração aberrante do nervo do oculomotor após tromboflebite do seio cavernoso (1998) Arq. Bras. Oftalmol., 51, pp. 135-137Currarino, G., Normal variants and congenital anomalies in the region of the obelion (1976) Am. J. Roentgenol., 127 (3), pp. 487-494El Kettani, C., Badaoui, R., Fikri, M., Jeanjean, P., Montpellier, D., Tchaoussov, J., Pulmonary edema after venous air embolism during craniotomy (2002) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 19, pp. 846-848Falk, D., Evolution of cranial blood drainage in hominids: Enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses and emissary foramina (1986) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 70, pp. 311-324Goucha, S., Mnif, M., Bouhala, T., Tenzakhti, F., El Andaloussi, H., Fazaa, B., Hamza, R., Kamoun, M.R., Value of imaging in GAPO syndrome (2002) J. Radiol., 83, pp. 153-156Gözil, R., Kadioglu, D., Calguner, E., Occipital emissary foramen in skulls from Central Anatolia (1995) Act. Anat., 153, pp. 325-326Gray, H., Bannister, L.H., Berry, M., William, P.L., Osteology (1995) Gray's Anatomy., , In. Gray, H.Bannister, L.H.Berry, M. & William, P.L. 38th ed. London: Churchill LivingstoneGupta, N., Ray, B., Ghosh, S., Anatomic characteristics of foramen Vesalius (2005) Kath. Univ. Med. J., 3 (2), pp. 155-158Gusmão, S., Magaldi, M., Arantes, A., Rizotomia trigeminal por radiofrequência para tratamento da neuralgia do trigêmio (2003) Arq. Neuropsiq., 61 (2), pp. 434-440Kaalin, R.J., Robinson, W.A., Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (1984) Ann. Emerg. Med., 13, pp. 449-455Kaplan, M., Erol, F.S., Ozveren, M.F., Topsakal, C., Sam, B., Tekdemir, I., Review of complications due to foramen ovale puncture (2007) J. Clin. Neurosci., 14 (6), pp. 563-568Keats, T.E., (1992) Atlas of normal roentgen variants that may simulate disease., , 5th edition. St. Louis, Mosby Year BookKeskil, S., Gözil, R., Calgüner, E., Common surgical pitfalls in the skull (2003) Surg. Neurol., 59 (3), pp. 228-231Kocaogullar, Y., Avci, E., Fossett, D., Caputy, A., The extradural subtemporal keyhole approach to the sphenocavernous region: Anatomic considerations (2003) Minim. Invas. Neurosurg., 46 (2), pp. 100-105Lang, J., (1983) Clinical anatomy of the head, neurocranium, orbit and craniocervical region., , Springer, BerlinLouis Jr., R.G., Loukas, M., Wartmann, C.T., Tubbs, R.S., Apaydin, N., Gupta, A.A., Spentzouris, G., Ysique, J.R., Clinical anatomy of the mastoid and occipital emissary veins in a large series (2009) Surg. Radiol. Anat., pp. 31139-31144Mann, R.W., Enlarged parietal foramina and craniosynostosis in an American Indian child (1990) Am. J. Roentgenol., 154 (3), p. 658O'Rahilly, R., Twohig, M.J., Foramina parietalia permagna (1952) Am. J. Roentgenol., 67 (4), pp. 551-561Ramalho, J.C., Sousa-Rodrigues, C.F., Rodas, P.M.M., Lins, C.J.P., Lima, R.L., Neto, E.T.D.L., Neto, J.A.B.S., A incidência e as relações morfométricas do forame emissário do esfenóide em crânios humanos (2007) Int. J. Morphol. (abstract)., 25 (1), p. 145Reis, C., Deshmukh, V., Zabramski, J.M., Crusius, M., Desmuskh, P., Spetzler, R.E., Preul, M.C., Anatomy of the mastoid emissary vein and venous system of the posterior neck region: Neurosurgical implications (2007) Neurosurg., 61, pp. ONS193-ONS201Reymond, J., Charuta, A., Wysocki, J., The morphology and morphometry of the foramina of the greater wing of the human sphenoid bone (2005) Folia Morphol., 64 (3), pp. 188-193Rossi, A.C., Freire, A.R., Prado, F.B., Caria, P.H.F., Botacin, P.R., Morphological characteristics of foramen of Vesalius and its relationship with clinical implications (2010) J. Morphol. Sci., 27 (1), pp. 26-29Shapiro, R., Robinson, F., The foramina of the middle fossa: A phylogenetic, anatomic and pathologic study (1967) Am. J. Roentgenol., 101, pp. 779-794Shinohara, A.L., Melo, C.G.S., Silveira, E.M.V., Lauris, J.R.P., Andreo, J.C., Rodrigues, A.C., Incidence, morphology and morphometry of the foramen of Vesalius: Complementary study for a safer planning and execution of the trigeminal rhizotomy technique (2010) Surg. Radiol. Anat., 32, pp. 159-164Sicher, H., DuBrul, E.L., (1977) Oral Anatomy., , 6th ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara KooganSimon, R.P., Parameningeal infections (1996) Cecil textbook of medicine., , In: Bennett, J.C. &ampPlum, F. 20th. Philadelphia: SaundersSindou, M., Keravel, Y., Abdennebi, B., Szapiro, J., Traitement neurochirurgical de la névralgie trigéminale: Abord direct ou métode percutané? (1987) Neurochirur., 33, pp. 89-111Standring, S., (2005) Gray's anatomy., , 39th edition. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, EdinburghSweet, W.H., Trigeminal neuralgias (1968) Facial pain., , In: Alling, C.C. Philadelphia: Lea & FebigerTator, C.H., Rowed, D.W., Fluoroscopy of foramen ovale as an aid to thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion (1976) J. Neurosurg., 44, pp. 254-257Topinard, P., (1878) Anthropology., , London, Chapman and HallWysocki, J., Reymond, J., Skarzynski, H., Wróbel, B., The size of selected human skull foramina in relation to skull capacity (2006) Folia Morphol., 66 (4), pp. 301-308Yoshioka, N., Rhoton, A.L., Abe, H., Scalp to meningeal arterial anastomosis in the parietal foramen (2006) Neurosurg., 58 (1), pp. 123-12

Morphological Comparison Between Brazilian's Mandibles And Populations From Four Continents [comparaciones Morfológicas Entre Las Mandíbulas De Brasileños Y De Poblaciones De Otros Continentes]

The mandibles found in different regions of the planet present considerable morphological differences, propounding questions about the morphological changes and characteristics of the human's mandibles. The racial plurality and the consequent miscegenation of the Brazilian population must to offer morphological changes. Thirteen measurements were used in this research to analyze and compared the morphological characteristics of the one hundred Brazilian human mandibles, with mandible's dimensions of the Australians, Asiatic, Europeans, and Africans. The significant and highly significant differences in means values were calculated by testt student, p < 0.05 andp < 0.01, respectively. Were observed highly expressive differences in the analyzed dimensions, what reflect the presence of the anatomic variations in the mandible's morphology of the different populations. The Europeans mandibles show mandibular ramus narrower than when compared with the Brazilians, while the Asiatic show larger mandibles, however the height of the mandibular symphysis is smaller. Several aspects can determine the morphological differences met, like adaptations of the estomatognáthic system came of the bony plasticity promoted by the diet's consistency or aforesaid caused by the racial miscegenation. © 2007 Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía.252323327Anderson, J.Y., Mandibular Morphology in human populations: A examination of a primary muscle attachment and architectonic models for development of the ramus (1998) Am. J. Phys.Anthropol, 26 (SUPL), p. 64Bogin, B. & Rios, L. Rapid morphological change in living humansimplications for modern human origins. Comp. Biochem. Physio!. A. Moll. Integr. Physiol, 136(1):71-84, 2003Ferreira, R.F., The construction of the afro-descendant identity: Contributions of brazilian psychology (1998) Interacoes Estud. Pesq. Pisicol, 3 (5), pp. 93-108Humphrey, L.T., Dean, M.C., Stringer, C.B., Morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles (1999) J. Anal, 195 (PT4), pp. 49l-513Hunt, N., Muscle function and the control of facial form, Clinical Oral Science (1998) Oxford-Wrigth, , Ed. Harris, M. & Edgard, M. & Meghji, SHylander, W.L., Stress and strain in the mandibular symphysis of primates: A test of competing hypotheses (1984) Am. J. Phys., Anthropol, 64 (1), pp. 1-46Hylander, W.L., The adaptive significance of Eskimo craniofacial morphology, Orofacial Growth and Development (1977) Graber TM), , Ed. Dahlberg A.A, Paris, MoutonHylander, W.L., The functional significance of primate mandibular form (1979) J. Morphol, 160 (2), pp. 223-240Kaifu, Y., Changes in mandibular morphology from the Yomon to modern periods in eastern Japan (1997) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol, 104 (2), pp. 227-243Lieberman, D. E.Krovitz, G. E.Yates, F. W.Devlin, M. & St Claire, M. Effects of foods processing on mastigatory strain and craniofacial growth, in a retrognathic face. et al. Hum. Evol, 46(6):655-77, 2004Rosana, H., Racial inequalities in Brazil: A synthesis of social indicators and challenges for public policies (2002) Rep. Public. Health, 18 (SUPL), pp. 57-65Torres, C., People of African descent in the Region of the Americas and health equity (2002) Pan. Am. J. Public. Health, 11 (5), pp. 47l-479Wood, B.A., Li, Y., Willoughby, C., Intraspecific variation and sexual dimorphism in cranial and dental variables among higher primates and their bearing on the hominid fossil record (1991) J. Anal, 774, pp. 185-20

Incidence Of The Mandibular Accessory Foramina In Brazilian Population

In adults, the mandibular accessory foramina are variables and are located on the medial surface of the mandible in positions above or below of the mandibular foramen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of the mandibular accessory foramina in Brazilians human mandibles and discuss the clinical aspects related to the presence of these foramina. Were evaluated 222 mandibles, adults, irrespective of gender. Was observed that 27.93% and 43.24% of the mandibles presented at least one mandibular accessory foramina located on the medial surface in position below and above, respectively, of the mandibular foramen. Unilaterally, the mandibular accessory foramina were observed below and above of the mandibular foramen in 22.07% and 25.22%, of the mandibles, respectively, and 5.85% and 18.02% bilaterally, respectively. This study demonstrated that the incidence of mandibular accessory foramen in the Brazilian population is significant and should be considered in the planning and execution of procedures in several areas of dental clinical practice in order to avoid complications.293171173Al-Khateeb, T., Hamasha, A.H.A., Ababneh, K.T., Position of the mental foramen in a northern regional Jordanian population (2007) Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 29, pp. 231-237. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-007-0199-zChavez-Lomeli, M.E., Mansilla, L.J., Pompa, J.A., Kjaer, I., The human mandibular canal arises from three separate canals innervating different tooth groups (1996) Journal of Dental Research, 75, pp. 1540-1544. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345960750080401Claeys, V., Wackens, G., Bifid mandibular canal: Literature review and case report (2005) Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 34, pp. 55-58. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr/23146121Fanibunda, K., Matthews, J.N.S., The relationship between accessory foramina and tumour spread on the medial mandibular surface (2000) Journal of Anatomy, 196, pp. 23-29. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19610023.xFigún, M., Garino, R., Anatomía Odontológica Funcional Y Aplicada (2001), 2. ed. Buenos Aires: El AteneoHaveman, C.W., Tebo, H.G., Posterior accessory foramina of the human mandible (1976) Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 35, pp. 462-468. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(76)90015-9Jeyaseelan, N., Sharma, J.K., Morphological study of unnamed foramina in north Indian human mandibles and its possible role in neurovascular transmission (1984) International Journal of Oral Surgery, 13, pp. 239-242. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9785(84)80009-5Kaufman, E., Serman, N.J., Wang, P.D., Bilateral mandibular accessory foramina and canals: A case report and review of the literature (2000) Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 29 (3), pp. 170-175. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.dmfr.4600526McGregor, D.A., Macdonald, D.G., Routes of entry of squamous cell carcinoma into the mandible (1987) Head and Neck Surgery, 10, pp. 294-301. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hed.2890100502McGregor, I.A., McGregor, F.M., (1986) Cancer of the Face and Mouth, pp. 370-446. , London: Churchill LivingstoneNeufeld, J.O., Changes in the trabecular pattern of the mandible following the loss of teeth (1958) Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 8, pp. 685-697. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(58)90056-8Priya, R., Manjunath, K.Y., Balasubramanyam. Retromolar foramen (2005) Indian Journal of Dental Research, 16 (1), pp. 15-16Sawyer, D.R., Kiely, M.L., Retromolar foramen: A mandibular variant important to dentistry (1991) Annals of Dentistry, 50, pp. 16-18Suazo, G.I.C., Zavando, M.D.A., Smith, R.L., Is the conduct of Serres an anatomical variation in adults? (2009) International Journal of Morphology, 27 (1), pp. 43-47Sutton, R.N., The practical significance of mandibular accessory foramina (1974) Australian Dental Journal, 19 (3), pp. 167-173. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1974.tb05034.