Prevalence of potential drug interactions of clinical importance in primary health care and its associated factors / Prevalência de potenciais interações medicamentosas de importância clínica na atenção primária à saúde e seus fatores associados

Introduction: older patients usually had multiple diseases and so use many medicines. The elevated risks of pharmacotherapy in this population justified the development of ratings for unsafe medicines.Objective: to estimate the prevalence of potential drug interactions of clinical importance in primary health care and its associated factors, improving prescription practices and increasing patient safety.Methods: a cross-sectional study of dependent variable “number of potential drug-drug interactions of clinical importance”, in all medicines and patients who accessed medicines via public primary health care, 2013. The independent variables were socio demographic, accessibility of health services and pharmacotherapy. Multivariate analyses were performed using the Statistical Learning Theory with Exaustive-CHAID algorithm, with test Pearson's chi-square adjusted by the Bonferroni method.Results: a total of 4,037 patients were included in this study and the patient prevalence of at least one drug-drug interaction was 36.5% with severity moderate (66.2%) or major (28.5%). The most prevalent conduct for management of them were monitor the patient (59.0%), adjust the dosage of the medicines (21.9%) and monitoring signs and symptoms (16.7%). In the multivariate analysis by the Theory of Statistical Learning when we compared the “patients who had at least one drug interaction of clinical importance” with those who did not have them at the first hierarchical level of relevance, the variable “number of drugs in use” prevailed with a p value <0.0001. The analysis also proposed 7 different risk strata to explain the distinction between having at least one interaction of clinical importance, namely: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-7 and> 8 drugs. When comparing patients with 2 medications and those with 8 or more medications, the prevalence of drug interactions increases by about 80%. Using polypharmacy (5 or more drugs) as the cutoff point to make the same comparison, the increase is about 45%. Other variables with statistical relevance to explain having or not having hair were “multiple drug dispensations per month” (p = 0.003 and p = 0.01) and “being elderly” (p = 0.003). Having “multiple drug dispensations per month” reduced the prevalence of interactions by about 10% for both patients with 3 medications (p = 0.003) and those with 6 or 7 medications.Conclusions: the drug-drug interactions showed be different in primary care of hospitals and other place for health care. And the number of medications in use by the patient seems to be the main marker for patient selection for this type of analysis, with polypharmacy being a relevant cutoff point, but above all the use of 8 or more medications indicates a prevalence of more than 90% patients of at least one interaction of clinical importance. There are few studies of potential drug-drug interactions in public primary health care, especially with analysis of the severity and management of them. We recommend more studies for clarify prevalence, types and associated factors

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora