Anatomical Features Of The Urethra And Urinary Bladder Catheterization In Female Mice And Rats. An Essential Translational Tool [características Anatômicas Da Cateterização Da Uretra E Bexiga De Camundongos E Ratos Fêmeas. Instrumento Essencial Na Pesquisa Pré Clínica]

PURPOSE: To present fundamental anatomical aspects and technical skills necessary to urethra and urinary bladder catheterization in female mice and rats. METHODS: Urethral and bladder catheterization has been widely utilized for carcinogenesis and cancer research and still remains very useful in several applications: from toxicological purposes as well as inflammatory and infectious conditions to functional aspects as bladder dynamics and vesicoureteral reflux, among many others. RESULTS: Animal models are in the center of translational research and those involving rodents are the most important nowadays due to several advantages including human reproducibility, easy handling and low cost. CONCLUSIONS: Although technical and anatomical pearls for rodent urethral and bladder access are presented as tackles to the advancement of lower urinary tract preclinical investigation in a broaden sight, restriction to female animals hampers the male microenvironment, demanding future advances.26SUPPL. 2106110Reis, L.O., Fávaro, W.J., Ferreira, U., Billis, A., Fazuoli, M.G., Cagnon, V.H., Evolution on experimental animal model for upper urothelium carcinogenesis (2010) World J Urol, 28, pp. 499-505Mulder, G.J., Scholtens, E., Meijer, D.K., Collection of metabolites in bile and urine from the rat (1981) Methods Enzymol, 77, pp. 21-30Krinke, G.J., (2000) The Laboratory Rat, , San Diego, CA: Academic PressPhillips, J.I., Davies, I., The comparative morphology of the bladder and urethra in young and old female C57BL/Icrfat mice (1980) Exp Geront, 15, pp. 551-562Andersson, K.E., Arner, A., Urinary bladder contraction and relaxation: Physiology and pathophysiology (2004) Physiol Rev, 84, pp. 935-986Reis, L.O., Pereira, T.C., Favaro, W.J., Cagnon, V.H., Lopes-Cendes, I., Ferreira, U., Experimental animal model and RNA interference: A promising association for bladder cancer research (2009) World J Urol, 27, pp. 353-361Marini, R.P., Esteves, M.I., Fox, J.G., A technique for catheterization of the urinary bladder in the ferret (1994) Lab Anim, 28, pp. 155-15