Salvia officinalis for Hot Flushes: Towards Determination of Mechanism of Activity and Active Principles

Herbal medicinal products are commonly used in alternative treatment of menopausal hot flushes. In a recent clinical study, Salvia officinalis tincture was found to reduce hot flush frequency and intensity. The aim of the current study was the investigation of the mechanism(s) responsible for the anti-hot flush activity of S. officinalis and determination of its active principle(s). The 66 % ethanolic tincture, as well as the n-hexane, CHCl3, and aqueous ethanolic subextracts obtained from the tincture were studied in vitro for two of the most relevant activities, estrogenicity and selective serotonin reuptake inhibition. Because of an increased risk of menopausal women to suffer from Alzheimerʼs disease, an in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay was also employed. No activity was observed in the selective serotonin reuptake inhibition or the acetylcholinesterase inhibition assays at the highest test concentrations. The tincture showed no estrogenic effects whereas the aqueous ethanolic subextract exhibited estrogenicity in the ERLUX assay with an EC50 value of 64 µg/mL. Estrogenic activity-guided fractionation of the aqueous ethanolic subextract by a combination of reverse-phase vacuum liquid chromatography and gel chromatography identified luteolin-7-O-glucuronide (EC50 129 µg/mL) as the active component of the vacuum liquid chromatography fraction 4 (EC50 69 µg/mL). Luteolin-7-O-glucoside was identified as the putative estrogenic principle of the most potent minor fraction (7.6.7.6, EC50 0.7 µg/mL) obtained from the initial vacuum liquid chromatography fraction 7 (EC50 3 µg/mL). This study suggests the involvement of common and ubiquitous estrogenic flavonoids in the anti-hot flush effect of Salvia officinalis, a safe and commonly used herbal medicinal product during the menopause

Challenges of Local and Global Misogyny

Rawls saw need for non-ideal theory also within society but never developed that project. In this chapter, Card suggests that the non-ideal part of Rawls’ Law of Peoples can be a resource for thinking about responding to evils when the subject is not state-centered. It is plausible that defense against great evils other than those of aggressive states should be governed by analogues of scruples that Rawlsian well-ordered societies observe in defending themselves against outlaw states. This essay explores those hypotheses in relation to women’s self-defense and mutual defense against evils of misogyny, the term feminists apply to the most deeply hostile environments of and attitudes toward women and girls and to the cruelest wrongs to them/us, regardless whether perpetrators harbor feelings of hatred. It extrapolates and adapts to this case values, concepts, and methods from Rawls’s life’s work, especially his writing on war

The Conference of 1859, and Else

A summary of the personalities and events surrounding the 1859 session of the South Carolina Annual Conference of the Methodist Church, which met in Greenville, SC

Fading Mayan Identity in Belize

The country of Belize is increasingly becoming more globalized and dependent on tourism for the economic development of the country Belize has a fairly large population of indigenous people some of which have been forcefully relocated from other countries in Latin America I examine shifts in Mayan identity as an indigenous people and at what expense tourism contributes to the indigenous communities economic development I include trip interviews with Mayan individuals and families involved in the tourism industry in Belize that discuss how the Maya have commodified their culture I also address the question of whether the rate of economic development is worth the loss of their unique culture By analyzing the cultural trends and patterns the Maya are experiencing we gather insight into how interacting and becoming a part of the outside world is resulting in the potential loss of Mayan identit

Boletín oficial de la provincia de León: Num. 49 (24/04/1914)

Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 2011-201

Canzoni 'date in moglie' a sirventesi nella vida II di Bertran de Born

Si propone una nuova interpretazione di un passo della biografia in prosa provenzale (vida) del trovatore Bertran de Born che comproverebbe il suo successo come creatore di sirventesi composti su melodie altrui

1932-06-16 Rowan County News

Rowan County News published on June 16, 1932

Geologic interpretations of seismic scattering and attenuation for the Cianten Caldera and the surrounding area

Thesis (S.M. in Geophysics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-80).The Cianten Caldera in Indonesia is immediately adjacent to the producing portion of the Awibengkok geothermal field. The Cianten Caldera contains rocks similar to those in the Awibengkok field, however, the Cianten Caldera is not capable of producing geothermal power on a commercial scale. The Cianten Caldera has been microseismically monitored along with the producing Awibengkok field as injections and fracing in that field have occurred. This microseismic data is analyzed with Multi Window Time Lapse Analysis (MWTLA) to find values for the scattering coefficient, go, and the seismic albedo, [Beta]o, of the Cianten Caldera. The scattering coefficient describes the amount of seismic energy that is attenuated due to the wave scattering off of heterogeneities and the seismic albedo is the ratio of the amount of scattering to the total amount of attenuation that includes both scattering and intrinsic attenuation. This information has been combined with the geology of the Cianten Caldera to define the interior features of the Cianten Caldera and which of these features are preventing the Cianten Caldera from being a productive geothermal energy sourceby Clarion Hadleigh Hess.S.M.in Geophysic