Les enjeux à venir pour la criminologie clinique : approche développementale et intégration avec les sciences biomédicales

Au cours des dernières décennies, la criminologie clinique a connu un essor qui annonce des changements importants pour la recherche et l’intervention à venir. Les études longitudinales sur les facteurs de risque, sur l’apparition des comportements antisociaux et sur leur trajectoire à travers la vie des individus ont d’abord produit un ensemble de connaissances qui ont permis une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de la délinquance dans une perspective développementale. Puis, l’évolution fulgurante de la recherche en sciences biomédicales et son impact sur la compréhension de l’étiologie et sur le traitement des problèmes de santé mentale, lesquels recoupent de façon importante les comportements antisociaux, ont entraîné l’émergence du paradigme bio-psycho-social comme base d’étude et d’intervention en criminologie clinique. Les résultats des études en neurosciences et en génétique du comportement sont particulièrement éloquents quant à l’utilité de ce paradigme pour aborder dans sa totalité le phénomène délinquant. Si l’avènement de l’approche bio-psycho-sociale dans un cadre développemental et son impact sur la compréhension du comportement antisocial sont récents, les possibilités sans précédent qui s’offrent maintenant aux chercheurs et aux intervenants en criminologie clinique rendent la poursuite active de cette nouvelle stratégie incontournable.In the last decades, clinical criminology has undergone a significant evolution which announces important changes to come for research and intervention in the field. Longitudinal studies on risk factors, age at onset and trajectories of antisocial behaviour throughout development have resulted in an important body of knowledge allowing for a better understanding of delinquent behaviour in a developmental perspective. Furthermore, the striking evolution of research in biomedical sciences and its impact on our understanding of the etiology and on the treatment of mental health problems, notoriously associated with criminal behaviour, have seen the bio-psycho-social paradigm emerging as the basis of research and intervention for clinical criminologists. Results of studies in neurosciences and behaviour genetics especially underscore the importance of this paradigm to fully understand delinquency. If the emergence of the bio-psycho-social paradigm in a developmental perspective and its impact on our understanding of antisocial behaviour are relatively recent, the tremendous possibilities it opens now to researchers and clinicians make this new strategy essential in the field of clinical criminology

School adjustment and substance use in early adolescent boys: association with paternal alcoholism with and without dad in the home

The present study examined the association of paternal alcoholism with early adolescent boys’ school adjustment and substance use, and its moderation by paternal absence, controlling for parents’ socioeconomic resources. A community sample of 653 urban, low socioeconomic status (SES) families from Montreal, Canada, was assessed and information collected from parents, teachers, and adolescents’ self-reports, and school records. Paternal alcoholism was significantly associated with boys’ lower academic performance, lower grades, higher frequency of tobacco, marijuana and hard drugs use, of getting drunk, and using a variety of hard drugs. However, the separation from the alcoholic father represented a significant factor of moderation in regard to boys’ substance use: Sons of alcoholic fathers living with their dad in intact families were more likely to use tobacco and marijuana, to get drunk, and to use a variety of hard drugs than their peers not living with their alcoholic father, whether in single-mother or stepfamilies

Trajectories of gambling problems from mid-adolescence to age 30 in a general population cohort

Studies of gambling starting before adulthood in the general population are either cross-sectional, based on the stability of these behaviors between 2 time points, or cover a short developmental period. The present study aimed at investigating the developmental trajectories of gambling problems across 3 key periods of development, mid-adolescence, early adulthood, and age 30, in a mixed-gender cohort from the general population. Using a semiparametric mixture model, trajectories were computed based on self-reports collected at ages 15 (N = 1,882), 22 (N = 1,785), and 30 (N = 1,358). Two distinct trajectories were identified: 1 trajectory including males and females who were unlikely to have experienced gambling problems across the 15-year period, and 1 trajectory including participants likely to have experienced at least 1 problem over the last 12 months at each time of assessment. Participants following a high trajectory were predominantly male, participated frequently in 3 to 4 different gambling activities, and were more likely to report substance use and problems related to their alcohol and drug consumption at age 30. Thus, gambling problems in the general population are already observable at age 15 in a small group of individuals, who maintain some level of these problems through early adulthood, before moderately but significantly desisting by age 30, while also experiencing other addictive behaviors and related problem

La pratique des jeux de hasard et d’argent, les comportements délinquants et la consommation problématique de substances psychotropes : une perspective développementale

Cette étude comporte deux objectifs : 1) vérifier si les liens entre la pratique problématique des jeux de hasard et d’argent, les comportements délinquants et les problèmes de consommation de substances psychotropes diminuent au début de l’âge adulte par rapport au milieu de l’adolescence, et 2) vérifier si les liens entre ces trois ordres de comportements problématiques au début de l’âge adulte sont, en partie ou en totalité, attribuables à des antécédents communs. Deux échantillons populationnels de répondants de sexe masculin ont été mis à contribution afin de vérifier ces objectifs. Les mesures recueillies à 12 ans (i.e. les présumés antécédents communs) couvrent des aspects liés aux caractéristiques personnelles, familiales et sociales des participants. Celles recueillies à 16 et 23 ans se rapportent à leurs habitudes de jeu, à leurs comportements délinquants et à leur consommation de substances psychotropes. Ces dernières sont autorévélées alors que les précédentes font appel à des sources variées d’évaluation. Les résultats révèlent que les liens entre la pratique des jeux de hasard et d’argent, les comportements délinquants et la consommation de psychotropes au début de l’âge adulte (23 ans) sont similaires aux liens qui existent déjà à 16 ans. Ces liens ne peuvent toutefois pas être attribuables aux antécédents communs mesurés à la préadolescence (12 ans). La discussion explore les retombées pratiques et théoriques de ces résultats.This study addressed two questions: 1) Are the concurrent links between gambling, delinquency and drug use weaker during early adulthood than during middle adolescence; 2) Can the concurrent links by early adulthood be explained, at least in part, by common antecedent factors? Two population based samples of males were used to answer these questions. The putative common antecedent factors were assessed when the participants were 12 years old. These factors include variables from three domains of functioning: self, family and peers. Gambling, delinquency and drug use were assessed at age 16 years and again at age 23. Results show that the links between gambling, delinquency and drug use are not weaker by early adulthood (i.e. age 23) than they were by middle adolescence (i.e. age 16). In addition, these links cannot be explained by the age 12 antecedent factors. The discussion stresses the theoretical and applied implications of these findings

Variety of gambling activities from adolescence to age 30 and association with gambling problems: a 15‐year longitudinal study of a general population sample

Participants A mixed‐gender general population cohort assessed at ages 15 (n = 1882), 22 (n = 1785) and 30 (n = 1358). Measurements Adolescent and adult versions of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). Findings Group‐based trajectory analysis identified three distinct trajectories: a late‐onset low trajectory (26.7% of sample) initiating gambling at age 22, an early‐onset low trajectory (64.8% of sample), characterized by one to two different activities from age 15 onwards and a high trajectory (8.4% of sample), with an average of four to five different activities from age 15 to 30. Males (14.2%) were four times more likely to be on a high trajectory than females (3.5%) (P < 0.001). Preferred types of gambling activities were similar across the three trajectories. Participants on a high trajectory reported higher gambling frequency at ages 15 and 30, and were more likely to experience problem gambling at age 30: 3.09 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.66, 5.75] and 2.26 (95% CI = 1.27, 4.04) times more, respectively, than late‐onset low and early‐onset low participants, even when socio‐economic status (SES), frequency of gambling and problem gambling in adolescence, gender, age 30 education, SES and frequency of gambling were controlled. Conclusions Engaging in several different types of gambling in early adulthood appears to be a risk factor for emergence of problem gambling

Identifying at-risk profiles and protective factors for problem gambling : a longitudinal study across adolescence and early adulthood

Past studies have identified various risk and protective factors for problem gambling (PG). However, no study has examined the interplay between these factors using a combination of person-centered and variable-centered approaches embedded within a longitudinal design. The present study aimed to (a) identify distinct profiles in early adolescence based on a set of risk factors commonly associated with PG (impulsivity, depression, anxiety, drug−alcohol use, aggressiveness, and antisociality), (b) explore the difference in reported gambling problems between these profiles during midadolescence and early adulthood, and (c) identify family- and peer-related variables that could operate as protective or compensatory factors in this context. Two samples were used: (a) a population sample (N = 1,033) living in low socioeconomic-status neighborhoods and (b) a population sample (N = 3,017) representative of students attending Quebec schools. Latent profile analyses were conducted to identify at-risk profiles based on individual risk factors measured at age 12 years. Negative binomial regression models were estimated to compare profiles in terms of their reported gambling problems at ages 16 and 23. Finally, family- and peer-related variables measured at age 14 were included to test their protective or compensatory role with respect to the link between at-risk profiles and gambling problems. Four profiles were identified: well-adjusted, internalizing, externalizing, and comorbid. Compared to the well-adjusted profile, the externalizing and comorbid profiles reported more gambling problems at ages 16 and 23, but the internalizing profile did not differ significantly. Various protective and compensatory factors emerged for each profile at both time points

Comorbid development of disruptive behaviors from age 1½ to 5 years in a population birth-cohort and association with school adjustment in first grade

Comorbidity is frequent among disruptive behaviors (DB) and leads to mental health problems during adolescence and adulthood. However, the early developmental origins of this comorbidity have so far received little attention. This study investigated the developmental comorbidity of three DB categories during early childhood: hyperactivity-impulsivity, non-compliance, and physical aggression. Joint developmental trajectories of DB were identified based on annual mother interviews from age 1½ to 5 years, in a population-representative birth-cohort (N = 2045). A significant proportion of children (13 % to 21 %, depending on the type of DB) consistently displayed high levels of hyperactivity-impulsivity, non-compliance, or physical aggression from age 1½ to 5 years. Developmental comorbidity was frequent, especially for boys: 10 % of boys and 3.7 % of girls were on a stable trajectory with high levels of symptoms for the three categories of DB. Significant associations were observed between preschool joint-trajectories of DB and indicators of DB and school adjustment assessed by teachers in first grade. Preschoolers who maintained high levels of hyperactivity-impulsivity, non-compliance, and physical aggression, displayed the highest number of DB symptoms in first grade for all categories according to their teacher. They were also among the most disadvantaged of their class for school adjustment indicators. Thus, DB manifestations and developmental comorbidity of DB are highly prevalent in infancy. Early childhood appears to be a critical period to prevent persistent and comorbid DB that leads to impairment at the very beginning of school attendance and to long-term serious health and social adjustment problems

Co-morbidity between gambling problems and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal perspective of risk and protective factors

In both adolescents and adults, gambling problems and depressive symptoms co-occur and share some common risk factors (e.g., impulsivity and socio-family risk). However, little is known about (1) the developmental course of the co-morbidity of these problems; (2) variables that may moderate the effect of these common risk factors on gambling problems and depressive symptoms. Of specific interest could be individuals' social relationships with significant others such as parents and friends, because research shows that they moderate the effect of other risk factors on gambling problems and depressive symptoms. The goals of this study were to: (a) identify developmental pathways for gambling problems and depressive symptoms, with a focus on co-morbidity; (b) assess the moderating effect of relationship quality with parents and friends on the link between common risk factors and the trajectories of gambling problems and depressive symptoms. Study participants were 878 males. Predictors were assessed during childhood and adolescence and gambling problems and depressive symptoms were assessed in late adolescence and young adulthood. Latent class analysis revealed four distinct joint trajectories of gambling problems and depressive symptoms. Subsequent logistic regression revealed that impulsivity predicted membership in all pathogenic trajectories, and quality of the relationship with parents predicted membership in depressogenic trajectories. In addition, we found that the membership in the comorbid trajectory can be predicted by an interaction between friendship quality and socio-family risk

A longitudinal empirical investigation of the pathways model of problem gambling

Background and Aims: The Pathways Model of Problem Gambling suggests the existence of three developmental pathways to problem gambling, each differentiated by a set of predisposing biopsychosocial characteristics: Behaviorally Conditioned (BC), Emotionally Vulnerable (EV), and Biologically Vulnerable (BV) gamblers. This study examined the empirical validity of the Pathways Model among adolescents followed up to early adulthood. Design: A prospectivelongitudinal design was used, thus overcoming limitations of past studies that used concurrent or retrospective designs. Setting: Two samples were used: a) a population sample of French-speaking adolescents (N = 1,033) living in low socio-economic status (SES) neighborhoods from the Greater Region of Montreal (Quebec, Canada), and b) a population sample of adolescents (N = 3,017), representative of French-speaking students in Quebec. Participants: Only participants with at-risk or problem gambling by mid-adolescence or early adulthood were included in the main analysis (n = 180). Analyses: Latent Profile Analyses were conducted to identify the optimal number of profiles, in accordance with participants’ scores on a set of variables prescribed by the Pathways Model and measured during early adolescence: depression, anxiety, impulsivity, hyperactivity, antisocial/aggressive behavior, and drug problems. Findings: A four-profile model fit the data best. Three profiles differed from each other in ways consistent with the Pathways Model (i.e., BC, EV, and BV gamblers). A fourth profile emerged, resembling a combination of EV and BV gamblers. Conclusions: Four profiles of at-risk and problem gamblers were identified. Three of these profiles closely resemble those suggested by the Pathways Model

D Geometric Modelling Of Ikonos Geo Images

Digital elevation model (DEM) extracted from IKONOS along-track stereo images with photogrammetric method is evaluated. As few as 12 GCPs are enough for the stereo photogrammetric bundle adjustment, which also filters the errors of the input data. With an area-based image matching users may produce high resolution DEMs with LE68 errors of 1 m to 4 m depending on the land covers. The best results (1.1 m-2.6 m) are obtained in bare soils, lakes, residential areas and sparse forests. The surface elevation of some of the areas (residential/ forests) did not affect too much the errors because the 1-2-storey houses in residential areas are sparse or because the images were acquired when there is no leave in the deciduous forests. An error evaluation as a function of the slope azimuths shows that the DEM error in sun-facing slopes is 1-m smaller than the DEM error in slopes away from the sun. 5-10 m contour lines could thus be derived with the highest topographic standard